MAC Protocols for VANETs
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1 MAC Protocols for VANETs Alexandru Oprea Department of Computer Science University of Freiburg Click to edit Master subtitle style Ad Hoc Networks Seminar
2 Based on: Hamid Menouar and Fethi Filali, EURECOM Massimiliano Lenardi, Hitachi Europe A Survey and Qualitative Analysis of MAC Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks IEEE Wireless Communications, pages 30-35, October
3 Outline What is a VANET? Motivation Introduction Media access in MANETs MAC Protocols for VANETs Qualitative comparison Conclusions 33
4 Outline What is a VANET? Motivation Introduction Media access in MANETs MAC Protocols for VANETs Qualitative comparison Conclusions 44
5 What is a VANET? VANET stands for Vehicular Ad-hoc N E Twork a special type of MANETs (mobile ad-hoc networks) designed to provide communication between nearby vehicles and between vehicles and road-side equipment 55
6 Outline What is a VANET? Motivation Introduction Media access in MANETs MAC Protocols for VANETs Qualitative comparison Conclusions 66
7 Motivation Why are VANETs important? Active Safety: send warning messages about dangerous traffic situations (an accident, icy road, oil stain, sudden break, etc.) 77
8 Motivation Source: 88
9 Motivation And there is more: traffic conditions improve traffic efficiency reduce traffic congestions driving comfort driver assistance news/info/entertainment applications economical reasons 80% of innovation in new cars is electronics ABS & ESP Market: 3 billion in 2010 VANETs Market: estimated to reach 1 billion $ in 2012 [3] 99
10 Outline What is a VANET? Motivation Introduction Media access in MANETs MAC Protocols for VANETs Qualitative comparison Conclusions 1010
11 Introduction Properties of VANETs: decentralized self-organizing MANETs network nodes = cars 1111
12 Introduction Cellular Networks - mobile - centralized MANETs - mobile - decentralized VANETs - mobile - decentralized - nodes = cars Source:
13 Introduction Differences to MANETs: restricted mobility (highways and roads) fast topology changes (network nodes move at high speeds) no power and storage limitations nodes are aware of their position (via GPS) Requirements: high reliability low latency 1313
14 Outline What is a VANET? Motivation Introduction Media access in MANETs MAC Protocols for VANETs Qualitative comparison Conclusions 1414
15 Media access in MANETs Major problems transmission collisions hidden terminal problem exposed terminal problem 1515
16 Media access in MANETs Transmission collisions shared communication medium two terminals (A,B) try to transmit at the same time to a third terminal (C) solution: terminals should be aware of ongoing transmissions A C B 1616
17 Media access in MANETs Hidden terminal problem terminals could be hidden from each other C A B 1717
18 Media access in MANETs Exposed terminal problem a node (S2) is prevented from sending packets to other nodes (R2) due to a neighboring transmitter. R1 S1 S2 R2 1818
19 Outline What is a VANET? Motivation Introduction Media access in MANETs MAC Protocols for VANETs Qualitative comparison Conclusions 1919
20 MAC Protocols for VANETs Advantages of VANETs over MANETs: restricted mobility (highways and roads) no power and storage limitations nodes are aware of their position (via GPS) Disadvantages: fast topology changes (network nodes move at high speeds) Requirements for VANETs: reliable communication 2020
21 MAC Protocols for VANETs Proposed MAC Protocols: IEEE Standard ADHOC MAC Directional antenna based MAC protocols 2121
22 MAC Protocols for VANETs Proposed MAC Protocols: IEEE Standard ADHOC MAC Directional antenna based MAC protocols 2222
23 MAC Protocols for VANETs IEEE The IEEE Standard addresses both the MAC and the Physical Layer widely accepted by the network community IEEE MAC medium access: Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) To solve the hidden terminal problem: virtual carrier sensing using a Network Allocation Vector (NAV) 2323
24 MAC Protocols for VANETs IEEE IEEE MAC Neighbo r1 RTS Sender RTS CTS Receive r CTS Neighbo r 2 DAT A ACK RTS (Request To Send) CTS (Clear To Send) ACK (Acknowledge) 2424
25 MAC Protocols for VANETs IEEE IEEE MAC Inter Frame Spaces (IFS) are important SIFS < DIFS Sender Receiver Neighbor 1 Neighbor 2 R TS Distributed IFS (DIFS) Short IFS (SIFS) C TS DATA NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS) A C K 2525
26 MAC Protocols for VANETs IEEE IEEE p WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments) an amendment to all IEEE protocols main goal: adapt the IEEE standard for inter-vehicular communications (low latency and high reliability) scheduled to be published in November 2010 (according to the official IEEE Working Group project timelines) 2626
27 MAC Protocols for VANETs IEEE IEEE PHY (Physical) Layer Name Year Band (GHz) Throughput (Mbps) a b g n /
28 MAC Protocols for VANETs Proposed MAC Protocols: IEEE Standard ADHOC MAC Directional antenna based MAC protocols 2828
29 MAC Protocols for VANETs ADHOC MAC ADHOC MAC based on a circuit switching method: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) uses UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Time Division Duplex (UTRA-TDD) as PHY Layer uses the Reliable Reservation ALOHA (RR-ALOHA) protocol: the medium is divided into several repeated time frames each frame is divided into N time slots each terminal selects and emits only on one repeated time slot, called 2929
30 MAC Protocols for VANETs ADHOC MAC Source: [5] 3030
31 MAC Protocols for VANETs Proposed MAC Protocols: IEEE Standard ADHOC MAC Directional antenna based MAC protocols 3131
32 MAC Protocols for VANETs Directional antennas Directional antennas-based MAC protocols increase the coverage and special reuse, therefore leading to greater channel capacity can be a good solution for VANETs because cars move only on roads 3232
33 MAC Protocols for VANETs Directional antennas Directional MAC (D-MAC) each terminal must know its geographic position (easy via GPS) Based on IEEE , uses a 4 way handshake RTS CTS DS ACK 3333
34 Outline What is a VANET? Motivation Introduction Media access in MANETs MAC Protocols for VANETs Qualitative comparison Conclusions 3434
35 Qualitative comparison IEEE p could represent a real solution, but waits to be published MAC ADHOC MAC D-MAC Based on CSMA/CA RR-ALOHA CSMA/CA Implementation maturity Mature and evolving Medium Low QoS and RT capability Small Medium High Mobility Reliability multicast/broadcast Medium evolving to High Medium High No Yes No Time synchronization Not needed Mandatory Not needed Directional antennas offer high reliability and low latency, 3535
36 Outline What is a VANET? Motivation Introduction Media access in MANETs MAC Protocols for VANETs Qualitative comparison Conclusions 3636
37 Conclusions VANETs have many practical applications, but the most important ones are in terms of active safety there are no standardized protocols, but a lot of research is done in this area ( VANETs are likely to become the most important realization of mobile ad hoc networks what about security? 3737
38 References 1. Hamid Menouar and Fethi Filali, EURECOM Massimiliano Lenardi, Hitachi Europe A Survey and Qualitative Analysis of MAC Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks IEEE Wireless Communications, pages 30-35, October Florian Dötzer, BMW Group Research and Technology Privacy Issues in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, Dubrovnik, June
39 References 5. F. Borgonovo, A. Capone, M. Cesena and L. Fratta, Politecnico di Milano ADHOC MAC: New MAC Architecture for Ad Hoc Networks Providing Efficient and Reliable Point-to-Point and Broadcast Services Wireless Networks, 10, pages , July
40 Conclusions Thank you for your attention! 4040
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