When HTTPS Meets CDN
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1 When HTTPS Meets CDN A Case of Authentication in Delegated Service Jinjin Liang 1, Jian Jiang 1, Haixin Duan 1, Kang Li 2, Tao Wan 3, Jianping Wu 1 1 Tsinghua University 2 University of Georgia 3 Huawei Canada
2 This work is about HTTPS, CDN and how they fail to work together. Our contributions Identified the gap between HTTPS and CDN, and exposed a number of security issues in current practice through extensive measurements Proposed a lightweight and flexible solution to fill the gap.
3 Our Sensitive Information Is Transmitted Over the Web
4 The Website Is Using HTTPS HTTP over SSL/TLS Authentication, Encryption Server Certificate serves as website identity Domain Validation (DV) Organization Validation (OV) Extended Validation (EV)
5 The Website Is Using CDN Caching servers around the world performance security Request Routing URL Rewriting DNS Based CNAME Domain Hosting CDN User User Website CDN User
6 When HTTPS Meets CDN From 2 parties to 3 parties Break into Frontend and Backend User Website Frontend Backend CDN
7 Backend Communication Frontend Backend User CDN Website
8 The Current Practice in Backend Experiment on 5 CDNs in Nov CDN Provider CDN77 CDN.NET CloudFlare Incapsula CloudFront Result HTTP HTTP HTTPS, not validate certificate HTTPS, not validate certificate HTTPS, not validate common name
9 Backend is Vulnerable Backend User CDN Website A Security Incident We (CCERT) handled CERNET; April 15, 2014 Victims: a large CDN and a famous website A MITM attack injected a fake JS file into CDN caching server
10 Backend Should Use HTTPS and Validate Certificate Response from industries CloudFlare (Fixed) CloudFront (Fixed) Incapsula (Fixing) Customers want to use self-signed certificates? Still could be validated Ask customers to upload their certificates explicitly Or use Trust on First Use (like SSH)
11 Frontend Communication User Frontend CDN Backend Web site Backend is secure with standard HTTPS
12 Broken HTTPS Authentication in DNS Based Request Routing website.com!= cdn.com cdn.com CDN User Browser website.com A? CNAME website.com.cdn.com Website.com.cdn.com A x.x.x.x Delegation website.com Root Cause: Browser does not know the delegation from website to CDN! Website
13 Survey on CDNs and Websites 20 popular CDN providers Support DNS Routing Support HTTPS Alexa Top 1M websites 10,721 use CDN and HTTPS Invalid Certificate Valid Certificate Status 200 Other Custom Cert Shared Cert 15% 54% 20% 11% 69% 31%
14 Custom Certificate (Type I) Website s CA Website s Cert CN: website.com Website Upload Certificate HTTPS And Private Key CDN User Browser Have to share private key Heavy key management overhead Inefficient revocation
15 Custom Certificate (Type II) Not covered in the paper Website s CA Website s Cert CN: website.com Cooperation HTTPS Website CDN User Browser Heavy key management overhead Inefficient issuance and revocation
16 Shared Certificate CDN s CA Permit adding website.com into CDN s Certificate CDN s Cert CN: cdn.com SAN: website.com Website CDN HTTPS User Browser Improper security indicator (e.g. website has EV but CDN has DV/OV) Website can not revoke the certificate
17 Case Study on Shared Certificate CDN: Incapsula (CA: GlobalSign) Issuance: confirmation from CA Revocation Incapsula removed our website domain name in a new shared certificate But our stale certificate was not revoked by CA Contacted GlobalSign, but no response Incapsula said they would work on this problem with their CAs
18 Revocation Problem of Shared Certificate 1198 websites using shared certificate Certificate update, CRL and OCSP Last for 3 months 1865 certificate updates from 5 CDNs, but none was revoked Also discovered by Web PKI (NDSS 2014) this form of operation should be more strongly regulated
19 Our Proposal for the Frontend DANE with Delegation Semantics How to improve authentication in the frontend Frontend Backend User CDN Website
20 Background of DANE DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities An alternative or complementary trust model Problem of current CA model Self-signed certificate Using DNS (TLSA) record to bind a certificate with a domain Secured by DNSSEC
21 Idea: Put Delegation Token into DANE Website s Certificate CN: website.com Website s Certificate CN: website.com CDN s Certificate CN: cdn.com Website CDN Website Binding Certificate Binding Certificate Binding delegation DANE Domain: website.com TLSA: website.com s cert DNSSEC DANE Domain: website.com TLSA: website.com s cert TLSA: cdn.com s cert DNSSEC
22 The Interaction of Authentication User Browser CDN Website website.com A? CNAME website.cdn.com TLS handshake starts CDN s Certificate website.com TLSA? TLSA website.com (website s & CDN s Certificate) Validation TLS handshake ends HTTP GET Content Steps of standard web browsing Steps added/changed by DANE based solution
23 Proof of Concept Implemented as a Firefox Extension
24 Advantages and Limitation Lightweight and flexible Only introduce one additional DNS request Delegation can be issued and revoked easily Modifying TLSA record Deployability Based on DANE, which is not deployed yet But we believe DANE will be adopted in the near future
25 Conclusion Identified some problems of CDN s current practice of HTTPS Backend is vulnerable to MITM Frontend has various issues, such as sharing private key, ignorance of certificate revocation, improper security indicator Proposed a new frontend solution based on DANE, which can avoid the existing issues It is not the end CDN vendors should improve/standardize best practice Raise further discussion in the community
26 Thank You! Questions and Comments?
27 Name Constraint Certificate Website s CA Website s Signing Certificate Constraint: website.com CA: True HTTPS Web Server CA CDN User Browser Website Website delegate CDN CN: website.com Improper Enforcement CA Overhead No incentive Rarely used
28 WASP (or Keyless from CloudFlare) Browser CDN Website Client Hello Server Hello Website Certificate Server Hello Done Client Key Exchange Change Cipher Spec Finished (Encrypted) Change Cipher Spec Pre-master Secret (Encrypted) Pre-master Secret (Decrypted) Finished (Encrypted) Need server side change Weaken CDN function Not flexible (Cascaded?)
29 How Our Solution Supports Cascaded CDN Service Website CDN-1 CDN-2 User Browser Delegation Delegation website.com CNAME cdn-1.com CNAME cdn-2.com DANE Domain: website.com TLSA: website.com s cert TLSA: cdn-1.com s cert DANE Domain: cdn-1.com TLSA: website.com s cert TLSA: cdn-2.com s cert
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