TLS. RFC2246: The TLS Protocol. (c) A. Mariën -
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1 TLS RFC2246: The TLS Protocol
2 What does it achieve? Confidentiality and integrity of the communication Server authentication Eventually: client authentication
3 What is does not do Protect the server Protect the client Protect stored data Provide any liability by itself See PKI story
4 The TLS Handshake Protocol Three sub-protocols used to allow peers: To agree upon security parameters for the record layer To authenticate themselves To instantiate negotiated security parameters To report error conditions to each other Change cipher spec protocol Alert protocol overview Handshake Protocol
5 Session The Handshake Protocol is responsible for negotiating a session, which consists of the following items: session identifier: to identify an active or resumable session state. peer certificate: X509v3 [X509] certificate of the peer. compression method cipher spec: bulk data encryption algorithm and MAC algorithm (MD5/SHA) master secret: 48-byte secret shared between the client and server. is resumable: flag indicating whether the session can be used to initiate new connections.
6 Change cipher spec protocol to signal transitions in ciphering strategies Switch: pending state becomes current state
7 Alert protocol Alert messages the severity of the message A description of the alert fatal messages: immediate termination of the connection Closure alerts Error alerts
8 Handshake Protocol overview Steps: Exchange hello messages to agree on algorithms exchange random values check for session resumption. Exchange cryptographic parameters Client and server agree on a premaster secret. Exchange certificates and cryptographic information to allow the client and server to authenticate themselves. Generate a master secret from the premaster secret and exchanged random values. Provide security parameters to the record layer. Allow the client and server to verify that their peer has calculated the same security parameters and that the handshake occurred without tampering by an attacker.
9 TLS messages Client hello ServerHello Certificate ServerKeyExchange CertificateRequest ServerHelloDone Certificate ClientKeyExchange CertificateVerify [ChangeCipherSpec] Finished [ChangeCipherSpec] Finished
10 Client: client hello Server: server hello Info: Protocol Version Session ID Cipher Suite Compression Method ClientHello.random ServerHello.random Starting TLS
11 TLS key exchange Up to four messages: the server certificate the server key exchange the client certificate The client key exchange.
12 End TLS negotiation Server: hello done message Client: change cipher spec message
13 Client-server Client Server Client Key pair Server Key pair
14 Client: key store Client Client Client Client keys USB Smartcard reader Smartcard
15 Client store High-level interfaces: PKCS#11 interface Microsoft: CSP Smartcard APIs Disk storage: Key encryption (password derived key) Wallets
16 Client: via proxy Client Proxy Server Protected communication?
17 Client: via proxy (1) Client Proxy Server Connect xxx.yyy.org:443 Virtual connection Packet exchange
18 Client: via proxy Client Proxy Server GET TLS communication
19 Server: key store Server Server Server Server keys Smartcard reader Smartcard TRD
20 Server: via reverse proxy Client Reverse Proxy Server Protected communication?
21 Server: via reverse proxy Client Reverse Proxy Server TLS 1 [TLS 2]
22 openssl Public implementation Hooks into Apache (and others) All common functionalities Vendors of TRD link into it
23 PKI Public Key Infrastructure
24 Fantastic technology Public/private key technology is a magnificent solution for Key exchange Digital signatures But key management is a nightmare, much like with symmetric keys
25 Critical element To encrypt or someone, use his public key To check signature, use his public key CRITICAL: link between public key and entity, otherwise no use Need to get the public key Need to trust the public key Intruder can fake it all
26 Certificates: why Certificates are an important concept to make PK manageable Replace individual links and trust by trust in CA CA signs statements on individual key pairs Need only to trust the CA
27 Certificates: what Signed statement by CA about link between public key and entity Assumed: Trust that CA checked possession of private key by the entity Trust in CA itself: the CA can fake anything
28 PKI: main elements Issuing certificates Trust models Certificate publishing Certificate suspension and revocation
29 CA operation CA issues certificates (signs pieces of data) CA publishes certificates ( to allow customers to find certificates, without prior contact) CA publishes revocation lists (LDAP server) CA uses Registration Authoritie(s) (RA) to establish link between key and entity
30 RA CA CA has certificate practice statement (CPS): rules of operation CA assign RA and gives guidelines RA may have multiple Local RA (LRA) (L)RA establishes and registers entity/public key link
31 RA checking Physical verification Paper trail checks Round trip checks Send mail with code: check address (access) Send with code: check address (access) Key possession checking Challenge response: generate challenge, request must be encrypted with matching private key
32 Trust models Top level CAs Subordinate CAs People certificates Level 1, level 2, level 3 Server certificates (SSL) Code signing certificates (activex, java jars) VPN certificates CRL/OCSP signing
33 Certificate publishing:search Web based search & import mechanisms
34 Certificate suspension and revocation LDAP Globalsign: Host : directory.globalsign.net port LDAP : 389 port LDAPS : 636 Base DN : dc=globalsign, dc=net CRL: ou=class 1 CA Attribute: certificaterevocationlist
35 eid Belgium Electronic identity card Cards: company a Certificates: company b Important role: rijksregister
36 Information Name, first name(s), birthdate, gender, hash of photo RRN, Nationality Card number, validity, issuing municipality Keys, certificates Authentication Signing
37 CA Belgian root CA Card CA Citizen CA Authentication Signing Government CA Code sign Server sign RRN
38 Revocation CRLs Delta CRLs Making CRL practical Alternative for OCSP
39 Operations RA: Rijksregister LRA: municipality Card production Certificate production CRL and delta CRL production
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