Oil and Gas Projects and Technologies. Session Chair: Yohann Benard, Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks

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1 Oil and Gas Projects and Technologies Session Chair: Yohann Benard, Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks

2 Broadband for Offshore Platform Unlocking its full potential amidst low oil price Presenter: Company: Pierre Tremblay Ocean Specialists Inc.

3 Presenter Profile Pierre cumulates 25 years of experience in the telecommunications industry. He spent the first 16 years of his career at Alcatel Submarine networks holding positions in R&D, engineering, project management, and sales of international cable networks. Using his unique blend of technical, operational, and commercial expertise Pierre has been working with telecom operators and oil and gas companies since Contents 2006 to plan and deliver several submarine cable projects. In addition to a bachelor of Electrical Engineering, he holds a Master s Degree in Science in the field of Optical Communication and an MBA. A special thanks to my colleague, Perry Wright, for his contribution. Name: Title: Pierre Tremblay Managing Director ptremblay@oceanspecialists.com Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 3

4 Contents 1. The Challenge Is the down turn a game changer for fiber? 2. The Business Case 3. Obstacles to wider adoption 4. Restructing project How to go about it 5. Restructing through using other commercial models Pros and Cons of various models 6. Conclusion Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 4

5 Broadband for Offshore Platform Unlocking its full potential amidst low oil price The O&G Industry is restructuring across the board. Brent Crude is trading around $40 compared to $114/bbl in mid ,10 $230 Billion in deferred projects 4 >250,000 redundancies world-wide No new projects being sanctioned - No new fiber projects Need price stability at $60+/bbl 5 - Breakeven typically >$45/bbl 1,2 Forecast $60/bbl late Add 6-months to restart projects Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 5

6 Production Cost Now for the good news Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 6

7 Down Turn : Game Changer for Offshore Fiber? Why has fiber been so slow in penetrating the Offshore O&G market? Offshore projects seeing 30% cost over run, >1-yr delay 1 Current bandwidth demand to Platforms is low ~ 20Mb/s Cost of Fiber system is too high No viable Business Case - Made worse by Procurement through EPC Contractor Can add $10 s MM - Use of Oil & Gas Project structure vs enhanced Telecommunications - O&G typical Build-Own-Operate model is not always the right structure Fiber system approval timing in overall Field Construction Plan - Typically not part of the initial plan - Difficult to add where Satellite or Microwave are already approved. Disconnect between CAPEX and OPEX budget responsibility at Project Management level. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 7

8 Down Turn : Game Changer for Offshore Fiber? Operators now focused on OPEX reduction - Offshore Staff reductions - Increased use of Video Conferencing - Step change in Monitoring to implement Asset and Subsea Integrity plans Cost of Fiber system needs to reduce - Operators now looking at CAPEX reduction so open to non EPC contract - Open to Telecommunications type installation, with enhanced work practice in critical areas to meet O&G requirements i.e. within 500m of a Platform - Open to all system financing/operating models where cost benefit can be demonstrated Fiber system approval timing in overall Field Construction Plan - On-hold projects will become new opportunities 4 - All new projects are on hold and will likely be redesigned to remove >20% of CAPEX and OPEX costs 6 Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 8

9 Down Turn : Game Changer for Offshore Fiber? Governments and Industry look to recover more of the oil in place. - Typical recovery of Offshore oil in place ~ 33%. Target >50% 7,8 - Critical for mature regions like UKCS 9 - New Technologies likely to drive bandwidth demand Enhanced Reservoir Monitoring, Automated Monitoring Wireless Sensors, Remote Sensing & RFID Subsea Boosting Enhanced Seismic Detection - 4D Seismic Gullfaks field - Investment $60MM - NPV Forecast $1B 11 Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 9

10 High Impact Technologies Going Mainstream in the Near Future Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 10

11 Cost, Risk and Threat: The Operators Business Case Fiber must be an enabler of both Enhanced Production and OPEX reduction Statoil claims that applications resulting from its integrated operation enabled an additional 7.5 billion barrels* to be extracted; > $400 billion 13 Direct benefits compared to satellite & microwave: - Improved up time; fiber system resilient to bad weather - Better staff retention through provision of entertainment Netflix effect Other indirect benefits require further investment and change in process: - Reduced Staff Offshore: Onshore Integrated Operations Centers 12 Reduced risk -> improves HSE. Ample bandwidth enables applications such as: - Increased collaboration between drilling, reservoir engineers and production. Ultimately the cost is to leave billion of dollars worth of oil/gas in the ground Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 11

12 Factors slowing down the adoption of fiber High cost of supply/service which result from: - Added Cost through EPC Contract overhead - Lack of standardization; Dynamic Riser Cable, hang-off etc. - Limited cooperation among operators - Vague specification from the O&G operators and lack of experience on the part of the service provider results in an incomplete specification to supplier. Service specification (SLA) Requirement to comply with regulation in the concession and in particular within the 500 m zone. - High contingencies resulting from risk of delays; ship days. - Requirement for ring networks; are they always necessary? - Non optimum choice of model for delivering the bandwidth Build Own Operate vs. service model. What is optimum choice for each project? Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 12

13 Factors slowing down the adoption of fiber Low demand for bandwidth from O&G service providers (Drilling, Survey, Construction vessels) - How to provide access to fiber bandwidth to service providers? Is this of value? Technology improvements mean that unit cost of MW, satellite & LTE is lower - Fiber is future proof for capacity Microwave offers adequate capacity for current use may be insufficient if a couple of key technologies drive up demand O3B satellite solution with multiple antennas has space limitations for offshore platforms Limited tenure of concession does not always provide the incentive to invest for the long term. - Opportunity for revenue sharing model or service model with amortization of connection fees/costs. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 13

14 What restructuring could look like Exploring different commercial models such as consortium or SPV Expand the revenue base with additional sources of traffic/revenue for the system 13,14 - O&G traffic - International and Domestic traffic - Scientific Facilitate the entry of more players and/or assets to gain economies of scale - Fiber extension to peripheral platforms. - Extend the service to other O&G users/contractors; drilling rigs, satellite platforms, survey ships, construction barges Envisage connecting to an international cable system by building a spur to O&G concessions: - O&G company pays for spur and contributes to backbone in exchange for capacity - Requires tailoring of the C&MA to accommodate particularities of O&G player. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 14

15 More Collaboration = + Players = Lower Cost Increased collaboration among O&G operators will generate economies of scale - What does collaboration look like? Can a JBA be tailored to work? - Good candidate for service model Operator connections can be individually tailored - Adds risk of conflict between Operators internal requirements. Time + Cost Standardization of Technology Taking a pragmatic approach to bringing fiber offshore - Is it always necessary to have a ring network? Does a point to point network provide sufficient reliability Can an offshore network evolve into a resilient mesh as more platforms get interconnected? - Data Security. Common policy or tailored solution to each Operator Metocean and Scientific applications All Operators can benefit 14 Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 15

16 Country O&G Regulator as a Facilitator Could a country regulator play a role in promoting the introduction of fiber as a way to extract more oil? - Is Fiber Implementation a candidate for a Joint Industry Project (JIP)? Possible measures and incentives: - Mandatory requirement for new fields to recover a certain % of the oil in place (>50%). - Ensuring that there are sufficient financial incentives for operators to invest into fiber networks? Providing a blue print for launching the deployment of a fiber network Funding the initial study and concept to get everyone on board. Creating the environment where collaboration is encouraged/made possible. - Promoting the use of fiber and other related technologies to operators HSE enhancement. - Including clauses in the concessionaire contract that encourages operators to accept fiber connectivity when available. System cost amortized over the duration of the off take contract; short lease translates into higher monthly cost. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 16

17 Can Telecom Regulation Facilitate more O&G Fiber Networks 9? Regulation of radio offshore to enable operators to use LTE - In some jurisdictions the operator is limited to a very low transmission power making the use of radio unattractive. Allow operator to build an offshore network without a carrier license. - In Australia international subsea cable can be owned/constructed without a carrier license. Optimize Permit in Principle process; pipeline and cable treated as one application? Offer protection corridors to O&G fiber network - Protection corridor could lower both OPEX and CAPEX. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 17

18 Build Own Operate (BOO) Model BOO has been one of the successful strategies, where construction cost is low, or where a factor such as Hurricane survival makes fiber then medium of choice - BP GoM FON Gulf of Mexico 15 - Hurricane survival and rapid re-start make the Business Case viable Network is designed to meet ALL Operator requirements BP has now become a network operator for other O&G Operators to join the network, including Chevron (4-platforms) and Shell (3- Platforms) - Exxon PNG Unrepeatered cable alongside LNG pipeline Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 18

19 Build Own Operate (BOO) Model n Disadvantages Potentially expensive over the life-time of the system n n Operator carries full build and operating cost unless late joiners can be connected. Potential cost sharing and cost savings may not be realized. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 19

20 Carrier model for the O&G Many examples of the carrier model and so far the model of choice: CAT Gulf of Thailand, Australia When does this work well? And what s needed to make it work better? Well suited for opportunities where: - It is possible to meet the needs of a carrier (domestic traffic) and that of one or more O&G operators. - Operator and targeted CAPEX reduction over BOO model Multiple carriers with submarine cable expertise; competition - Regulatory environment is uncertain Risk defaults to the network operator Disadvantages - Potentially expensive over the life time of the system Asset amortized over years (tenure of the off take agreement) by the carrier, whereas the Asset connected lifetime may be in excess of 25 years. - Economies of scale may not be fully realizable - Collaboration by proxy; sub-optimum. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 20

21 Example of a carrier model- CAT GoT 1300 km; in service since 2013 Carrier model; dual purpose system - Carries commercial traffic between the 2 international gateways in Thailand - Connecting 11 offshore platforms with fibre. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 21

22 Lowering cost by adopting a Consortium Model Restructuring may mean adopting other models better suited to generating economies of scale. Consortium model is the model of choice by most carriers for procuring international capacity. Is the consortium model suitable for the O&G sector? Consortium model: - Does not require the creation of a separate entity - Unlimited number of members - Well established processes - Operator/capacity obtains capacity at cost - Lowest life-of-system cost as the operators manage the system using their own internal resources. - Capacity is transferable - Structured to fully exploit the asset life when it makes sense; 25 years. In a carrier model the operator is a captive customer after the end of the off take agreement; years. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 22

23 Consortium Model Advantages - Consortium model does not exclude the participation of carriers. - Consortium means that the O&G operators speak directly with the suppliers: Potential for creative and cost effective solutions. Sharing of risk particularly schedule risk would allow significant cost reduction. - Enhanced collaboration may in turn favour greater harmonization and standardization. - The potential cost savings are very significant Disadvantages - Consortium requires a high degree of collaboration among its members - Requires CAPEX - On balance sheet financing - More resource intensive than simply purchasing capacity. - Risk of the unknown but otherwise well adapted. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 23

24 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) SPV created by the O&G operators and for the O&G operators. The operators become shareholders into the SPV SPV owns and operates the submarine cable network Key advantages: - In addition to those enumerated for the consortium model: - Long term off take contracts can be used to raise non recourse financing; Minimize CAPEX for the operators. - Profits from the SPV can be returned to operators; reduce cost - Participation into the SPV can be sold. Disadvantages: - Require resources to set up SPV and operate it; additional cost compared to consortium Combines the advantages of the carrier and consortium models at a reduced cost to the operator This model has yet to be tried by operators. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 24

25 Summary of Models Build Own Operate PROS Allows O&G Operator full control over specification, operation and maintenance CONS High CAPEX cost due to gold plated solution Operator bears full cost of construction and operation Operator carries all Owner risk Carrier Model Minimises CAPEX/initial funding commitment. Simpler to procure. Consistent with practice of the O&G industry. Offers potential economies of scale. Increases OPEX Limited choice of knowledgeable carriers. Potentially creates more risks. Reduces control over project. Can be very expensive Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 25

26 Summary of Models PROS Consortium Minimises OPEX and total cost of ownership. Control of the asset and its expansion if required. Fully exploits the lifetime of the subsea cable asset. SPV Provides an opportunity for non recourse financing; low CAPEX. Fully leverages long term off take contracts and optimises capital utilisation; Facilitates the entry of other O&G operators. Low total cost of ownership Fully exploits the lifetime of the subsea cable asset CONS High CAPEX; requires higher funding commitment from O&G company Requires additional expertise. Increases regulatory risk in some jurisdictions More complex to implement. More resources required. Increases regulatory risk in some jurisdiction Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 26

27 Conclusion The O&G market is not ready for new network projects - The enforced cost review is changing how projects are assessed and managed - This creates opportunity for fiber where creative project structure can make the Business Case viable - This will be on a project by project basis One size fits all will not work Models such as the consortium or the SPV offer excellent potential to reduce life-of-system cost and the corresponding bandwidth - SPV is a low CAPEX low OPEX option worth considering - Again, This will be project by project and will need the developer and Operators to be open to creative solutions. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 27

28 Conclusion Greater collaboration among operators and direct engagement of the supplier has the potential to further reduce cost - Standardization - Risk sharing - Adoption of more creative solutions Regulators, O&G and telecom, can play a role in facilitating the adoption of fiber and broadband offshore: - Creating a favorable environment that Creates incentives, adapting concessionaire contracts, allowing use of radio spectrum offshore, adopting mandatory recovery targets, protecting cables by declaring corridors, permitting. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 28

29 References 1. h,ps://www2.deloi,e.com/content/dam/deloi,e/global/documents/energy- and- Resources/gx- er- oil- and- gas- reality- check pdf 2. h,p:// big- oil- stock- is- the- best- buy- now.aspx 3. h,p:// oil- brent.aspx?emeframe=2y 4. h,p://fuelfix.com/blog/2016/01/28/rystad billion- in- oil- projects- mothballed- because- of- cheap- crude/ # =0 5. h,p:// pgnum=1 6. December 2015 Shell 7. h,p:// ConEnental- Shelf/No2-2013/Squeezing- more- out/ 8. h,p:// 2012/ 9. h,p:// mag.com/arecles/2014/09/new- uk- inieaeve- addresses- improved- recovery- efficiency.html 10. h,p://inflaeondata.com/inflaeon/inflaeon_rate/historical_oil_prices_table.asp 11. Eriksrud, Morten. [2014] Seabed permanent reservoir monitoring (PRM) A valid 4D seismic technology for fields in the North Sea, First break volume 32, May h,ps:// 13. h,p:// 14. h,p:// 15. h,p:// us/what- we- do/technology/gom- fiber- opec- network.html Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 29

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31 Oil&Gas Projects &Technologies Technical Aspects and Solutions Presenter: Company: Inge Vintermyr Nexans Norway AS

32 Presenter Profile Inge Vintermyr graduated from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1989 with a Ph.D in Materials Science. He joined Nexans Norway AS (previous Alcatel Kabel Norge AS) the same year. Contents He has been working with research, development and engineering of energy and telecom cables since In 2000 he was appointed Technical Manager for the communications cable division, now part of the Hybride Underwater Cable division. Name: Title: Inge Vintermyr Technical Mgr Inge.vintermyr@nexans.com Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 32

33 Contents FO in Offshore Applications Specifications and Requirements Challenges Typical Delivery Scope Projects and Networks Summary Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 33

34 FO in Offshore Industry Oil/gas platforms today are dependent on broadband connections, in all the major offshore locations in the world, where fibre optical networks are established. Norwegian sector of the North Sea was the pioneer area where a fibre optical network was built up, growing into UK as well, providing broadband and backup solutions for a safe and economic operation and maintenance. But also in GOM, The Persian/Arabic Gulf and The Gulf of Thailand, West Africa,Brazil, etc, there is focus on fibre connections. The large oil companies are all aware that broadband communications is necessary for secure and efficient operations, in addition to the human need for communications being a requirement worldwide. The modern worker will always be on line, if not. (no one like to be without the internet today!, someone I know can t exist without it J ). Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 34

35 FO in Offshore Industry The pioneer platforms had 155 Mbit/s connections, today they are on Gigabit Ethernet connections. Satellite communications with the latency and very slim broadband, i.e. narrowband communication, only can serve as an emergency backup, and not as broadband communication alternative. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 35

36 FO in Offhore Industry Typical Applications - Subsea Processing - Seismic Data/Sensing and Monitoring - Remote Operations - Internet Access Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 36

37 Wide Range of Offshore Platform Types Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 37

38 Offshore Field Lay-out Floating Platform/Dynamic Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 38

39 Specifications/Standards Most of the offshore procurements are specified in a range of company specific and international specifications. Most of the specifications are generic for all types of offshore equipment and it can be challenging to find what is relevant for the FO cable system. Also difficult to argue for optional solutions, even if commonly applied and verified in Telecom industry. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 39

40 Specifications/Standards Specific offshore standards - ISO Design and operation of subsea production systems - API 17E Specification for Subsea Umbilicals - DNV-RP-B401 Cathodic Protection Design - DNV-RP-F109 On-Bottom Stability of Submarine Pipelines - DNV-OS-H102 Marine Operations, Design and Fabrication - DNV-OS-C101 Design of Offshore Structures, General - DNV-RP-C203 Fatigue Design of Offshore Steel Structures - NORSOK M-501 Protective Coatings Guidelines Typical telecom standards. - ITU-T G.976 Test methods applicable to optical fibre submarine cable - G.652/G.654/G.655 Fibre types Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 40

41 Dynamic analysis rules/standards l The ISO make reference to the following DNV standards and recommended practices applicable for dynamic analysis: DNV-OS-F101 Submarine pipeline systems DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic risers DNV-RP-A203 Qualification procedures for new technology DNV-RP-F105 Free spanning pipelines DNV-RP-F203 Riser interference DNV-RP-F204 Riser fatigue DNV-RP-F109 On-bottom stability design (E305). l Customer specifications and requirements, e.g. Statoil s best practice. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 41

42 Dynamic versus Static Applications Static subsea cables - Loads during deployment and repair NOTS (48hours) NTTS (1hour) Low cycle fatigue Dynamic subsea cables - Cyclic loads over entire operational life Site specific dynamic conditions High cycle fatigue Deep water = Dynamic riser cables - Different design criteria compared to seabed deployed cables - Extensive engineering and development Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 42

43 Common Dynamic Riser Configurations Free Hanging Catenary configuration Less accessories required. Easy to install i.e. economical advantage. Compression & fatigue problems at TDP can be critical. Lazy-wave configuration Flexible solution. More challenging to install and will normally require sea bed anchoring, etc. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 43

44 Design Phases Initial Design Fundamental client input - Functional requirements - Site data Configuration - Free hanging catenary - Lazy wave configuration Subsea layout - Adjacent riser cables - Weight / Dimension criteria Water depth / Seabed conditions Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 44

45 Design Phases Initial Design Proposed design - Structural analysis Global parameters - Axial stiffness - Bending stiffness - Torsional stiffness - Local stress analysis Cable capacity curve - Material characteristics Fatigue strength / S-N curves OD 64 mm Weight, air 144 N/m Weight, seawater 110 N/m Weight / Diameter 1700 N/m 2 Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 45

46 Design Phases Initial Design Cable capacity curve - Limited by local stress in any layer ] N [k a d 300 l L o x ia A 200 Capacity - Yield Average, Yield 80% utilization ,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 Curvature [1/m] Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 46

47 Dynamic Analysis Typically (cable suppliers) Extreme analysis Fatigue analysis Interference analysis VIV analysis sub supplier On-bottom stability analysis Free-span analysis sub supplier Flex-test analysis Pull-in analysis Others Dropped anchor analysis Impact analysis Installation analysis Riser displacement envelope analysis Lay-route analysis Etc. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 47

48 Design Phases - Analysis Inputs - Cable characteristics - Waves and currents conditions Meteorological/Oceanographic data (Metocean) - Floater movements Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) Analysis for - Load scenarios - Fatigue life - Interference Bouyancy Modules Near Near Far Far Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 48

49 Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 49 Extensive Calculations Required ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t LW F B F W µ F R µ t IW F t DW F = < + [ ] [ ] + = w v u t C D w v u t DW C f f m n d x y!!! ' ' π ρ ρ ( ) ( ) ) ) (2( ) ) ( (1 sin θ θ θ ω ω ω ω α ω θ d t k M n n A + =

50 Dynamic Analysis Summary Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 50

51 Typical Accessories Dynamic Configuration BS for dynamic application: - Typically length < 10m - Its purpose is to: protect the cable from over bending at hang-off in extremes. distribute the fatigue damage. Buoyancy modules: - Typically cylindrical shaped and approximately 1m in length and diameter. - Its purpose is to give uplift in cable sections to achieve the configuration of interest. Other accessories: - Weight elements, clamps, arch, tethers, Uraduct, bend restrictors etc. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 51

52 Optional Configuration Common Riser With Umb Compared to traditional riser cables used in the offshore oil and gas industry, a dedicated fibre optic riser cable typically will be small. In case of coexistence, the hydrodynamic properties will be important and ratio between weight and dimension is the vital parameter. Optionally FO riser can be integrated in a common umbilical with common riser base for branching off FO, Hydraulics, Power, etc by means of Wet Mate Connectors Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 52

53 Wet Mating Principles Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 53

54 Wet Mating Principles Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 54

55 Cable End Module Designs 1 off Connector with 8 FO 3 off FO Connectors 4-6 off FO Connectors Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 55

56 Cable End Module Shipment Shipment on Reel Shipment on Turntable Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 56

57 Large Installation Reels Heavy Lifting Installation reel - Coflexip Hube Drive - Up to 250 tonnes - Up to 12 m Flange OD - Pull-in and CEM assembled and fixed on the reel to facilitate installation. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 57

58 Complete FO System on Reel Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 58

59 Fibre Optical Subsea Network North Sea Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 59

60 Extended networks with Radio Links/Onshore Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 60

61 Combined Networks Possible to extend coverage by using cable connections to build 4G wireless networks from each platform. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 61

62 Summary (1 of 3) Oil/gas platforms today are dependent on broadband connections, in all the major offshore locations in the world where fibre optical networks are established. Deep water calls for dynamic configuations with different design criteria compared to seabed deployed cables extensive engineering required Network building is very important, and the fibre routing and configuration is an important part when planning new cables/networks. The use of Branching Units and Cable End Modules on the cables is an efficient way of creating a network, building redundancy and security. When a fibre optical cable is installed properly, there are very few cable breaks, properly here means that the burial depth below seabed should be enough to avoid the fishermen/trawlers, in the North sea that is typical 1 meter of burial depth (always dependent of seabed quality). Areas with sand dune movements etc can be a challenge. No-one can protect the cable against a heavy Anchor. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 62

63 Summary (2 of 3) The North Sea network is built up with a fibre backbone, connecting more than 100 platforms directly on fibre or connected to the fibre via LoS (Line of Sight Radio Links). The meshed network makes sure that communication is maintained even if a cable is cut, or another platform has a power failure. With MPLS/Ethernet technologies on top, the downtime in case of rerouting is kept to a minimum. The pioneer platforms had 155 Mbit/s connections, today they are on Gigabit Ethernet connections. Satellite communications with the latency and very slim broadband, i.e. narrowband communication, only can serve as an emergency backup, and not as broadband communication alternative As technology gets more mobile, repair engineers onshore can see live stream from the platform problem area, and give advice on repair jobs immediately, instead of having to travel out to the platform. Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 63

64 Summary (3 of 3) Compared to traditional riser cables used in the offshore oil and gas industry, a dedicated fibre optic riser cable typically will be small. In case of coexistence, the hydrodynamic properties will be important and ratio between weight and dimension is the vital parameter. Optionally FO riser can be integrated in a common umbilical with common riser base for branching off FO, Hydraulics, Power, etc Copyright SubOptic2016 Slide 64

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