Subqueries. 1. Subqueries in SELECT. 1. Subqueries in SELECT. Including Empty Groups. Simple Aggregations. Introduction to Database Systems CSE 414

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1 Introduction to Database Systems CSE 414 Lecture 7: SL Wrapup CSE Spring Subqueries A subquery is a SL query nested inside a larger query Such inner-outer queries are called nested queries A subquery may occur in: A SELECT clause A FROM clause A WHERE clause Rule of thumb: avoid nested queries when possible But sometimes it s impossible, as we will see FWGHOS CSE Spring Subqueries in SELECT 1. Subqueries in SELECT For each product return the city where it is manufactured SELECT X.pname, (SELECT Y.city FROM Y WHERE Y.cid=X.cid) as City FROM X What happens if the subquery returns more than one city? We get a runtime error (and SLite simply ignores the extra values ) correlated subquery CSE Spring But are these really equivalent?, (SELECT count(*) WHERE P.cid=C.cid) SELECT C.cname, count(*), P WHERE C.cid=P.cid GROUP BY C.cname SELECT C.cname, count(pname) LEFT OUTER JOIN P ON C.cid=P.cid GROUP BY C.cname No! Different results if a company has no products CSE Spring Simple Aggregations Five basic aggregate operations in SL count of an empty table is 0 select count(*) from Purchase select sum(quantity) from Purchase select avg(price) from Purchase select max(quantity) from Purchase select min(quantity) from Purchase Including Empty Groups pname manufacturer OneClick SELECT x.manufacturer, count(y.pid) FROM x LEFT OUTER JOIN Purchase y ON x.pname = y.product GROUP BY x.manufacturer Works Canon Hitachi Purchase product price OneClick 180 Left Outer Join(, Purchase) pname manufacturer product price manufacturer Why 0 for Works? Final results Count(y.pid) Canon 2 Hitachi 1 Works 0 Except count, all aggregations apply to a single attribute CSE Spring Canon 150 Canon 300 OneClick Hitachi OneClick 180 Works NULL NULL NULL Works is paired with NULLs 1

2 Including Empty Groups pname manufacturer OneClick SELECT x.manufacturer, count(*) FROM x LEFT OUTER JOIN Purchase y ON x.pname = y.product GROUP BY x.manufacturer Works Canon Hitachi Purchase product price OneClick 180 Left Outer Join(, Purchase) pname manufacturer product price Canon 150 Canon 300 OneClick Hitachi OneClick 180 Works NULL NULL NULL Final results manufacturer Count(*) Canon 2 Hitachi 1 Works 1 Probably not what we want! 1. Subqueries in SELECT But are these really equivalent?, (SELECT count(*) WHERE P.cid=C.cid) SELECT C.cname, count(*), P WHERE C.cid=P.cid GROUP BY C.cname SELECT C.cname, count(pname) LEFT OUTER JOIN P ON C.cid=P.cid GROUP BY C.cname Recall: count of an empty table is 0 No! Different results if a company has no products CSE Spring Subqueries in FROM Find all products whose prices is > 20 and < 500 SELECT X.pname FROM (SELECT * FROM AS Y WHERE price > 20) as X WHERE X.price < 500 Try unnest this query! Side note: This is not a correlated subquery. (why?) 2. Subqueries in FROM SELECT X.pname FROM (SELECT * FROM AS Y WHERE price > 20) as X WHERE X.price < 500 = A subquery whose result we called mytable WITH mytable AS (SELECT * FROM AS Y WHERE price > 20) SELECT X.pname FROM mytable as X WHERE X.price < 500 CSE Spring CSE Spring CSE Spring CSE Spring

3 Using EXISTS: WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * WHERE C.cid = P.cid and P.price < 200) CSE Spring Using IN WHERE C.cid IN (SELECT P.cid WHERE P.price < 200) CSE Spring Using ANY: WHERE 200 > ANY (SELECT price WHERE P.cid = C.cid) Using ANY: WHERE 200 > ANY (SELECT price WHERE P.cid = C.cid) Not supported in sqlite CSE Spring CSE Spring Now let s unnest it:, P WHERE C.cid = P.cid and P.price < 200 CSE Spring Now let s unnest it:, P WHERE C.cid = P.cid and P.price < 200 are easy! J CSE Spring

4 same as: Find all companies that make only products with price < 200 same as: Find all companies that make only products with price < 200 CSE Spring CSE Spring same as: Find all companies that make only products with price < Find the other companies that make some product 200 WHERE C.cid IN (SELECT P.cid WHERE P.price >= 200) are hard! L CSE Spring CSE Spring Find the other companies that make some product 200 WHERE C.cid IN (SELECT P.cid WHERE P.price >= 200) 2. WHERE C.cid NOT IN (SELECT P.cid WHERE P.price >= 200) CSE Spring Using EXISTS: WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * WHERE P.cid = C.cid and P.price >= 200) CSE Spring

5 Using ALL: WHERE 200 >= ALL (SELECT price WHERE P.cid = C.cid) Using ALL: WHERE 200 >= ALL (SELECT price WHERE P.cid = C.cid) Not supported in sqlite CSE Spring CSE Spring uestion for Database Theory Fans and their Friends Can we unnest the universal quantifier query? Definition A query is monotone if: Whenever we add tuples to one or more input tables, the answer to the query will not lose any of the tuples We need to first discuss the concept of monotonicity CSE Spring CSE Spring Definition A query is monotone if: Whenever we add tuples to one or more input tables, the answer to the query will not lose any of the tuples pname city Lyon Lodtz Definition A query is monotone if: Whenever we add tuples to one or more input tables, the answer to the query will not lose any of the tuples pname city Lyon Lodtz CSE Spring ipad c001 pname city Lyon Lodtz ipad Lyon So far it looks monotone... 5

6 Definition A query is monotone if: Whenever we add tuples to one or more input tables, the answer to the query will not lose any of the tuples pname city Lyon Lodtz Theorem: If is a SELECT-FROM-WHERE query that does not have subqueries, and no aggregates, then it is monotone. ipad c001 c004 Crafter Lodtz is not monotone! pname city Lodtz Lodtz ipad Lyon CSE Spring Theorem: If is a SELECT-FROM-WHERE query that does not have subqueries, and no aggregates, then it is monotone. The query: is not monotone Proof. We use the nested loop semantics: if we insert a tuple in a relation R i, this will not remove any tuples from the answer SELECT a 1, a 2,, a k FROM R 1 AS x 1, R 2 AS x 2,, R n AS x n WHERE Conditions for x 1 in R 1 do for x 2 in R 2 do for x n in R n do if Conditions output (a 1,,a k ) CSE Spring CSE Spring The query: is not monotone The query: is not monotone cname cname c001 Sunworks Bonn Sunworks c001 Sunworks Bonn Sunworks CSE Spring Gadget c001 c001 Sunworks Bonn cname Consequence: If a query is not monotonic, then we cannot write it as a SELECT-FROM-WHERE query without nested subqueries 6

7 ueries that must be nested ueries with universal quantifiers or with negation ueries that must be nested ueries with universal quantifiers or with negation ueries that use aggregates in certain ways sum(..) and count(*) are NOT monotone, because they do not satisfy set containment select count(*) from R is not monotone! CSE Spring CSE Spring For each city, find the most expensive product made in that city SL Idioms CSE Spring CSE Spring For each city, find the most expensive product made in that city Finding the maximum price is easy SELECT x.city, max(y.price) FROM x, y WHERE x.cid = y.cid GROUP BY x.city; But we need the witnesses, i.e., the products with max price CSE Spring To find the witnesses, compute the maximum price in a subquery (in FROM or in WITH) WITH CityMax AS (SELECT x.city, max(y.price) as maxprice FROM x, y WHERE x.cid = y.cid GROUP BY x.city) SELECT DISTINCT u.city, v.pname, v.price FROM u, v, CityMax w WHERE u.cid = v.cid and u.city = w.city and v.price = w.maxprice; CSE Spring

8 To find the witnesses, compute the maximum price in a subquery (in FROM or in WITH) SELECT DISTINCT u.city, v.pname, v.price FROM u, v, (SELECT x.city, max(y.price) as maxprice FROM x, y WHERE x.cid = y.cid GROUP BY x.city) w WHERE u.cid = v.cid and u.city = w.city and v.price = w.maxprice; CSE Spring Or we can use a subquery in where clause SELECT u.city, v.pname, v.price FROM u, v WHERE u.cid = v.cid and v.price >= ALL (SELECT y.price FROM x, y WHERE u.city=x.city and x.cid=y.cid); CSE Spring There is a more concise solution here: SELECT u.city, v.pname, v.price FROM u, v, x, y WHERE u.cid = v.cid and u.city = x.city and x.cid = y.cid GROUP BY u.city, v.pname, v.price HAVING v.price = max(y.price) CSE Spring SL: Our first language for the relational model Projections Selections Joins (inner and outer) Inserts, updates, and deletes Aggregates Grouping Ordering Nested queries CSE Spring