Administrivia. CS 235: Introduction to Databases. Examples. What is a DBMS? The DBMS Marketplace. Relational Model
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1 Administrivia CS 235: Introduction to Databases Svetlozar Nestorov Three handouts today: Course info, Schedule, Slides. Latest info will always be online! Come to class! Ask questions! Give feedback! Have fun! CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 2 What is a DBMS? A Database Management System manages very large amounts of data and provides: persistent storage, efficient access, concurrent access, secure, atomic access. Examples (Almost) Everything is a database! Banking systems Reservation systems Libraries The Web Varying degrees of structure, organization, and efficiency. CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 3 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 4 Relational Model Based on tables, as: acct# balance Elaine Cosmo Newman Today used in most DBMS's. The DBMS Marketplace Market size: $8.8B in Major vendors: Oracle 32% IBM: DB2 34.6% Microsoft: SQL Server, Access 16.3% Sybase 2.6% IBM bought Informix for $1B in April Most databases are relational with growing support for XML. Most web sites are powered by DBMS. CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 5 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 6 1
2 Three Aspects to Studying DBMS's 1. Modeling and design Allows exploration of issues before committing to an implementation. 2. Programming Queries and DB operations like update; connectivity 3. DBMS implementation What s under the hood. CS235 = (1) + (2), while (3) will be covered in a future course. Entity-Relationship Model First step of database design. Represent the real world with diagrams. Entity corresponds to an object. Entity set corresponds to a class. Set of similar objects. Attribute = property of entities in entity set. Similar to fields of a struct. CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 7 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 8 E/R Diagrams Entity set rectangle Attribute oval Relationships Connect two or more entity sets. Represented by diamonds. ID Other conventions also exist. Taking CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 9 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 10 Relationship Set The value of a relationship set is the set of connected entities. Think of the value as a table. One column for each connected entity set. One row for each connection. Multiway Relationships Binary relationships are most common. But, sometimes we need a relationship connecting 3 or more entity sets. Example: relationship among students, courses, TA's. CS 235 Cosmo CS George CS 235 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 11 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov
3 Multiway Relationships: Example Multiway Relationships Is this E/R diagram correct? Taking Teaching TAs Works in CS235, because the TA is a TA of all students. Connection student-ta is only via the course. But what if students were divided into sections, each headed by a TA? Then, a student in CS235 would be related to only one of the TA's for CS235. Which one? Need a 3-way relationship to tell. CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 13 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov Way Relathionship -- Example addr license Enrolls TAs Serves Frequents TAs CMSC235 Newman George CMSC235 Cosmo Elaine CMSC235 Newman manf Likes addr CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 15 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 16 Multiplicity of Relationships Have Favorite addr license Serves Frequents Many-many Many-one One-one Representation of Many-One E/R: arrow pointing to one. Rounded arrow = exactly one. Other conventions also exist. manf Likes Favorite addr CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 17 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov
4 One-One Relationships Put arrows in both directions. Manfs Design issues: Bestseller Is the rounded arrow justified? Here, manufacturer is an E.S.; in earlier diagrams it is an attribute. Which is right? Attributes on Relationships price Sells Shorthand for 3-way relationship: price Prices Sells CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 19 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 20 Attributes on Relathionships A true 3-way relationship. Price depends jointly on beer and bar. Arrow convention for multiway relationships: all other E.S. determine one of these. Not sufficiently general to express any possibility. However, if price, say, depended only on the beer, then we could use two 2-way relationships: price-beer and beer-bar. Better solution? CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 21 Converting Multiway to 2-Way Necessary in some object-oriented models. Create a new connecting E.S. to represent rows of a relationship set. E.g., (Jimmy s, Bud, $3.50) for the Sells relationship. Many-one relationships from the connecting E.S. to the others. CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 22 Converting Multiway to 2-Way BBP Roles Sometimes an E.S. participates more than once in a relationship. Label edges with roles to distinguish. Bar Beer Price husband Married wife husband Brad Johnny wife Jennifer Vanessa Prices CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov 1 23 CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov
5 Buddies 1 2 Buddy1 George Elaine Buddy2 Elaine George Notice Buddies is symmetric, Married not. Cannot specify symmetric in E/R. Should we replace husband and wife by one relationship spouse? CS 235: Intro to DB; S. Nestorov
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