MySQL 5.0 Certification Study Guide

Transcription

1 MySQL 5.0 Certification Study Guide Paul DuBois, Stefan Hinz, and Carsten Pedersen MySQC Press 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana USA

2 Table of Contents Introduction 1 About This Book 1 Sample Exercises 2 Other Required Reading 2 Manuals ' 3 Sample Data. -...< -_.\_., 3 Study Guide Errata. 3 Certification Information at 3 The MySQL Certification Candidate Guide,..., 4 i The Certification Mailing List 4 Conventions Used in This Book.:! 4 Running MySQL on Microsoft Windows ' About the.exams 6 Registering for an Exam 6 Going to the Exam ' '. : 6 Taking the Exam 8 Reading Questions.,,.. 9 Answering Questions 9 After the Exam, 11 Retaking Exams 12 Warning 12 Interpreting DESCRIBE Output '. 12 Sample Tables ' : 14 MySQL Developer Exams MySQL Developer I Exam 1 Client/Server Concepts General MySQL Architecture, Invoking Client Programs General Command Option Syntax Connection Parameter Options Using Option Files Selecting a Default Database Establishing a Connection with a GUI Client 31 f 1.3 Server SQL Modes 31 2 The mysql Client Program Using mysql Interactively 35 jb 2.2 Statement Terminators 38

3 2.3 The mysql Prompts : Using Editing Keys in mysqi ^ Using Script Files with mysqi ' mysql Output Formats Client Commands and SQL'Statements Using Server-Side Help..' V Using the --safe-updates Option MySQL Query Browser MySQL Query Browser Capabilities Using MySQL Query Browser Using the Query Window Entering Queries, The Result Area The Script Editor Stored Routine Management The Object and Information Browsers The MySQL Table Editor Connection Management Using the Connection Dialog.: Editing Connection Profiles The Options Dialog.' ; 53 4 MySQL Connectors MySQL Client Interfaces MySQL Connector/ODBC MySQL Connector/J : MySQL Connector/NET 57 5 Data Types Data Type Overview Numeric Data Types Integer Data Types Floating-Point Data Types Fixed-Point Data Types The BIT Data Type String Data Types \..' Character Set Support ' Non-Binary String Data Types: CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT Binary String Data Types: BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB -.-.; TheENUM and SET Data Types 69

4 5.5 Temporal Data Types, 72 : The DATE, TIME, DATETIME,. and YEAR Data Types.,,.." The TIMESTAMP Data Type, Per-Connection Time Zone, Support Column Attributes Numeric Column Attributes...,.,..« String Column Attributes General Column Attributes ' Using the AUTO_INCREMENT Column Attribute Handling Missing or Invalid Data Values Handling Missing Values Handling Invalid Values in Nbri-Strict Mode Handling Invalid Values in Strict Mode Enabling Additional Input Data Restrictions ' Overriding Input DataRestrictions' 95 6 Identifiers Identifier Syntax Case Sensitivity of Identifiers Using Qualified Names.,..,, Using Reserved Words as Identifiers.. : 99 7 Databases Database Properties : Creating Databases Altering Databases, Dropping Databases, Obtaining Database Metadata Tables and Indexes Table Properties, Creating Tables Ill Creating Tables Using an Explicit Definition Specifying the Storage Engine fora Table Creating Tables Based on Existing Tables Using TEMPORARY Tables Altering Tables, Adding and Dropping Columns Modifying Existing Columns Renaming a Table Specifying Multiple Table Alterations 120

5 8.4 Dropping Tables, Emptying Tables Indexes Types of Indexes.: Creating Indexes i, Choosing an Indexing Algorithm < Dropping Indexes.-..., 129 8>8 Obtaining Table and Index Metadata Querying for Data Using SELECT to Retrieve Data Specifying Which Columns to Retrieve...' Renaming Retrieved Columns Identifying the Database Containing a Table Specifying Which Rows to Retrieve ' Using ORDERBY to Sort Query Results The Natural Sort Order of Data Types..." Limiting a Selection Using LIMIT Using DISTINCT to Eliminate Duplicates Aggregating Results The MINO and MAX() Aggregate Functions The SUMO and AVCO Aggregate Functions The COUNTO Aggregate Function The CROUP_CONCAT() Function ' Aggregation for NULL Values or Empty Sets Grouping Results " CROUP BY and Sorting Selecting Groups with HAVING ' Using CROUPBY and WITH ROLLUP Using UNION.' TO SQL Expressions Components of SQL Expressions Numeric Expressions ; String Expressions.., Case Sensitivity in String Comparisons Using.LIKE for Pattern Matching Temporal Expressions NULL Values.,.,..,: 180 "10.6 Functions in SQL Expressions Comparison Functions, Control Flow Functions 184

6 Content's Aggregate Functions ; Mathematical Functions String Functions Temporal Functions ; NULL-Related Functions...;..., Comments in SQL Statements,... :.' Updating Data Update Operations The INSERT Statement :....\.'...'...";., Adding Multiple Records with a Single INSERT Statement -., Handling. Duplicate Key Values Using INSERT... ON DUPLICATE < KEY UPDATE, The REPLACE Statement The UPDATE Statement, Using UPDATE with ORDER BY and LIMIT Preventing Dangerous UPDATE Statements Multiple-Table UPDATE Statements The DELETE and TRUNCATE TABLE Statements.,, Using DELETE with ORDER BY and LIMIT Multiple-Table DELETE Statements Privileges Required for Update Statements 206 MySQL Developer II Exam 12 Joins Overview r Writing Inner Joins c- ; Writing Inner Joins with the Comma Operator Writing Inner Joins with INNER JOIN Writing Outer Joins Writing LEFT JOIN Queries ' Writing RIGHT JOIN Queries '" Resolving Name Clashes Using Qualifiers and Aliases :..' '..'...' 222 '' Qualifying Column Names Qualifying and Aliasing Table Names..' Multiple-Table UPDATE and DELETE Statements 225 A t - y 13 Subqueries Types of Subqueries, 227 ^ 13.2 Subqueries as Scalar Expressions 228

7 13.3 Correlated Subqueries Comparing Subquery Results to Outer Query Columns Using ALL-, ANY, and SOME...; Using IN, : Using EXISTS Comparison Using Row Subqueries Using Subqueries in thefrom Clause Converting Subqueries to Joins Converting Subqueries to Inner Joins Converting Subqueries to Outer Joins Using Subqueries in Updates Views Reasons to Use Views Creating Views Restrictions on Views. -.,.; View Algorithms Updatable Views. ; Altering Views.' Dropping Views Checking Views Obtaining View Metadata Privileges Required for Views ; Importing and Exporting Data Import and Export Operations Importing and Exporting Using SQL, Importing Data with LOAD DATA INFILE Exporting Data with SELECT... INTO OUTFILE, Data File Format Specifiers Importing and Exporting NULL Values Importing and Exporting Data from the Command Line Importing Data with mysqiimport Exporting Data with mysqidump User Variables User Variable Syntax. / User Variable Properties ^Prepared Statements Benefits of Prepared Statements Using Prepared Statements from the mysqi Client 275

8 17.3 Preparing a Statement.-.*.' ' Executing a Prepared-Statement 277 J 7.5 Deallocating Prepared Statements.-.: Stored Procedures and Functions Benefits of Stored Routines Differences Between Stored Procedures and Functions The Namespace for Stored Routines! Defining Stored Routines Creating Stored Routines " Compound Statements Declaring Parameters The DECLARE Statement '/ Variables in Stored Routines ' Conditions and Handlers Cursors..,.,..'.., Retrieving Multiple Result Sets.-...' Flow Control.,', Altering Stored Routines... :.:..' Dropping Stored Routines.- :.' Invoking Stored Routines Obtaining Stored Routine Metadata.' Stored Routine Privileges and Execution Security Triggers Reasons to Use Triggers ; Trigger Concepts ' Creating a.trigger :.' Restrictions on Triggers Referring to Old and New Column Values Destroying a Trigger Privileges Required for Triggers Obtaining Database Metadata Overview of Metadata Access Methods Using INFORMATION_SCHEMA to Obtain Metadata UsingSHOW and DESCRIBE to Obtain Metadata Using mysqtshow to Obtain Metadata Debugging MySQL Applications 325 jc f 21.1 Interpreting Error Messages The SHOW WARNINGS Statement 326

9 21.3 The SHOW ERRORS Statement..:...: The perror Utility ' : ^..; Basic Optimizations Overview of Optimization Principles Using Indexes for Optimization Types of Indexes Principles for Index Creation Indexing Column Prefixes ' Leftmost Index Prefixes General Query Enhancement Queiy Rewriting Techniques Using EXPLAIN to Obtain Optimizer Information Optimizing Queries by Limiting Output Using Summary Tables : ' Optimizing Updates Choosing Appropriate Storage Engines * Normalization 345 MySQL DBA Exams MySQL DBA I Exam 23 MySQL Architecture Client/Server Overview ' Communication Protocols The SQL Parser and Storage Engine Tiers How MySQL Uses Disk Space How'MySQL Uses Memory.: Starting, Stopping, and Configuring MySQL Types of MySQL Distributions MySQL Binary Distributions MySQL Source Distributions Starting and Stopping MySQL Server on Windows Server Startup Prerequisites on Windows Running MySQL Server Manually on Windows Running MySQL Server as a Windows Service Starting and Stopping MySQL Server on Unix 365 jf Server Startup Prerequisites on Unix Choosing a Server Startup Method on Unix 367

10 24.4 Runtime MySQL Configuration \.. i Log and Status Files..' The General Query Log, The Binary Log..,.., The Slow Query Log The Error Log Status Files Loading Time Zone Tables Security-Related Configuration Setting the Default SQL Mode, Upgrading MySQL Client Programsfor DBA Work, Overview of Administrative Clients MySQL Administrator mysql., mysqiadmin ' mysqlimport mysqldump Client Program Limitations MySQL Administrator MySQL Administrator Capabilities Using MySQL Administrator Starting MySQL Administrator Selecting an Operational Mode Server Monitoring Capabilities Server Information Server Connections. : Health,, Server Logs '..., Replication Status Catalogs Server Configuration Service Control Startup Variables User Administration Backup and Restore Capabilities Making Backups Restoring Backups MySQL Administrator System Tray Monitor 394

11 I Contents 27 Character Set Support ' i Performance Issues ^ Choosing Data Types.for Character Columns.: Locking.. ' Locking Concepts Explicit Table Locking..:., Advisory Locking ,. ; Storage Engines MySQL Storage Engines :.: The MylSAM Engine ; MylSAM Locking Characteristics...' MylSAM Row-Storage Formats..'..'.., The MERGE Engine MERGE Locking Characteristics,..-..': The InnoDB Engine.,,.,..-..;.,.., The InnoDB Tablespace and Logs InnoDB and ACID Compliance 416 ' The InnoDB Transaction Model A A InnoDB Locking Characteristics InnoDB Isolation Levels, Multi-Versioning, and Concurrency Using Foreign Keys Configuring and Monitoring InnoDB TheMEMORY Engine : MEMORY Indexing Options The FEDERATED Engine, The Cluster Storage Engine Other Storage Engines '.' Table Maintenance Types of Table Maintenance Operations SQL Statements for Table Maintenance CHECK TABLE REPAIR TABLE ANALYZE TABLE OPTIMIZE TABLE, Client and Utility Programs for Table Maintenance 440 g 30.3,1 The mysql check Client Program The myisamchk Utility..,...'!..., Options for mysql.check and myisamchk 442

12 30.4 Repairing InnoDB Tables '... \.\...-, Enabling MylSAM Auto-Repair, i The INFORMATION_SCHEMA Database ' 447 : 31.1 INFORMATION_SCHEMA Access Syntax INFORMATION_SCHEMA Versus SHOW..; Limitations of INFORMATION_SCHEMA ; Data Backup and Recovery Methods Introduction.:..,..' Binary Versus Textual Backups..., : Making Binary Backups ' Making Binary MylSAM Backups...: Making Binary.InnoDB Backups, Other Binary Backup Tools...; Conditions for Binary Portability ' Making Text Backups,.., Making Text Backups via.sql Making Text Backups with.mysqidump Making Text.Backups, with MySQL Administrator Backing Up Log and Status*Files Replication as an Aid to Backup MySQL Cluster as Disaster Prevention Data Recovery Reloading mysqldump Output.. : Reloading Dumps with MySQL Administrator Processing Binary Log Contents...' Using Stored Routines and Triggers for Administration Using Stored Routines and Triggers for Security Purposes Using Stored Routines to Enhance Performance 471 MySQL DBA II EXAM 34 User Management ' User Account Management Types of Privileges That MySQL Supports 474, The Grant Tables..' Approaches to Account Management 477 3'4.1.4 Creating and Dropping User Accounts f Specifying Account Names Granting Privileges Revoking Privileges 482

13 Changing Account Passwords : When Privilege Changes Take Effect Specifying Resource Limits, Privileges Needed for Account Management Client Access Control Connection Request Checking Statement Privilege Checking' Resource Limit Checking' ' Disabling Client Access Control Securing the MySQL Installation Security Issues Operating System Security Filesystem Security Log Files and Security >Network Security Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts General Privilege Precautions MySQL Cluster Network Security FEDERATED Table Security Upgrade-Related Security Issues Upgrading the Privilege Tables Security-Related SQL Mode Values Optimizing Queries Identifying Candidates for Query Analysis ; Using EXPLAIN to Analyze Queries How EXPLAIN Works : Analyzing a Query EXPLAIN Output Columns UsingSHOW WARNINGS for Optimization MylSAM Index Caching Optimizing Databases General Table Optimizations Normalization MylSAM-Specific Optimizations ' MylSAM Row-Storage Formats Keep Optimizer Information Up to Date 537 $ FULLTEXT Indexes Specifying MylSAM Maximum Row Count InnoDB-Specific Optimizations 541

14 38.5 MERGE-Specific Optimizations :..' MEMORY-Specific Optimizations.' Optimizing the Server Interpreting mysqld Server Information Accessing Server System Variables Accessing.Server Status Variables, Measuring Server Load Tuning Memory Parameters Global (Server-Wide) Parameters Per-Client Parameters ' Using the Query Cache Enabling the Query Cache, ',..'.; Measuring Queiy Cache Utilization Interpreting Diagnostic Messages Sources of Diagnostic Information Using the Error Log for Diagnostic Purposes' Using The Slow Query Log for Diagnostic Purposes Optimizing the Environment, Choosing Hardware for MySQL Use Configuring Disks for MySQL Use ' MovingJJatabases Using Symbolic Links MylSAM Table Symlinking "..'...' Network Issues : Optimizing the Operating System for MySQL Use Scaling MySQL ' Using Multiple Servers Replication.",...: ' Setting Up Replication., The Binary and Relay Logs, : Replication-Related Threads.." Replication Troubleshooting '.: Replication Compatibility and Upgrading 583 Appendixes A References 587 B Other Offers 589 >' Index 591