UNIT III APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT ON.NET

Transcription

1 UNIT III APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT ON.NET Syllabus: Building Windows Applications, Accessing Data with ADO.NET. Creating Skeleton of the Application Select New->Project->Visual C# Projects->Windows Application from your VS.NET IDE and type your application name. I use mcwinformapp. And hit OK. The IDE will take you to the design view of a form ( similar to VB or Delphi ). In right side, you will see the Solution Explorer. The Wizard adds one cs file for new from called Form1.cs. This class has code for the form and all of its child windows.

2 When you double click (or user View Code menu option on the right click) on the Form1.cs, you see this code: /// Required designer variable. /// </summary> private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null; public Form1() // // Required for Windows Form Designer support // InitializeComponent(); // // TODO: Add any constructor code after InitializeComponent call // /// <summary> /// Clean up any resources being used. /// </summary> protected override void Dispose( bool disposing ) if( disposing ) if (components!= null) components.dispose(); base.dispose( disposing ); #region Windows Form Designer generated code /// <summary> /// Required method for Designer support - do not modify /// the contents of this method with the code editor. /// </summary> private void InitializeComponent() this.components = new System.ComponentModel.Container(); this.size = new System.Drawing.Size(300,300); this.text = "Form1"; #endregion /// <summary> /// The main entry point for the application. /// </summary> [STAThread] static void Main() Application.Run(new Form1()); This wizards adds a default namespace and adds reference to various namespaces require by WinForms. The Form1 class is derived from System.WinForms.Form. The InitializeComponent method initializes

3 (creates) Form and its controls. You will see it in more details when you will drop some controls on the form. The Dispose method cleans up all the resource which are not being used anymore. Adding Controls To add controls ( Child Windows ) to a form, you need to open ToolBox ( Controls in VC++ previous versions ). This toolbox concepts came from VB. You can open ToolBox by clicking View->ToolBox menu item. ToolBox window looks like the below picture. Now you add controls similar to previous version of Visual Studio either by drag-drop or by double clicking on the control. The Now I am going to drop few controls and let's see what Designer adds to InitializeComponent. I drop a button and an edit box on the form and change Button property "Text" to Browse.

4 You use Properties Window to set properties of controls. This is similar to VB. You call Properties Windows by right clicking on the control and clicking Properties menu item. The Properties window for a button control looks like following. As you can see from the following figure, I change Text property of button control to "Browse".

5 The Now if you see the InitializeComponent method you will see this code has been added to the method. You can even modify this code by your hand. #region Windows Form Designer generated code /// <summary> /// Required method for Designer support - do not modify /// the contents of this method with the code editor. /// </summary> private void InitializeComponent() this.button1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Button(); this.textbox1 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox(); this.suspendlayout(); // // button1 // this.button1.location = new System.Drawing.Point(8, 24); this.button1.name = "button1"; this.button1.size = new System.Drawing.Size(88, 24); his.button1.tabindex = 0; this.button1.text = "Browse"; // // textbox1 // this.textbox1.location = new System.Drawing.Point(128, 24); this.textbox1.name = "textbox1"; this.textbox1.size = new System.Drawing.Size(136, 20); this.textbox1.tabindex = 1; this.textbox1.text = "textbox1"; // // Form1 / this.autoscalebasesize = new System.Drawing.Size(5, 13); this.clientsize = new System.Drawing.Size(292, 273); this.controls.addrange(new System.Windows.Forms.Control[] this.textbox1, this.button1); this.name = "Form1"; this.text = "Form1"; this.resumelayout(false); #endregion Adding Event Handler The last part of this tutorial is to add an event handler for the button and browse for a file in the text box. You double click on the button to add an event handler for the button. Button1_Click is the event handler for button. In same way you can write event handler for any control. private void button1_click(object sender, System.EventArgs e) OpenFileDialog fdlg = new OpenFileDialog(); fdlg.title = "C# Corner Open File Dialog" ; fdlg.initialdirectory ; fdlg.filter = "All files (*.*) *.* All files (*.*) *.*" ; fdlg.filterindex = 2 ;

6 fdlg.restoredirectory = true ; if(fdlg.showdialog() == DialogResult.OK) textbox1.text = fdlg.filename ; Now you run the program and click the Browse button. It calls Open File Dialog, which lets you browse for a file. I select a file. And click Open. Action adds file name to the text box and application looks like following figure. This control is often used in conjunction with the RadioButton and CheckBox controls to display a frame around, and a caption above, a series of controls that are logically linked in some way. Using the group box is as simple as dragging it onto a form, and then dragging the controls it should contain onto it (but not the other way round you can't lay a group box over some pre-exisiting controls). The effect of this is that the parent of the controls becomes the group box, rather than the form, and it is therefore possible to have more than one RadioButton selected at any given time. Within the group box, however, only one RadioButton can be selected. The relationship between parent and child probably need to be explained a bit more. When a control is placed on a form, the form is said to become the parent of the control, and hence the control is the child of the form. When you place a GroupBox on a form, it becomes a child of a form. As a group box

7 can itself contain controls, it becomes the parent of these controls. The effect of this is that moving the GroupBox will move all of the controls placed on it. Another effect of placing controls on a group box, is that it allows you to change certain properties of all the controls it contains simply by setting the corresponding property on the group box. For instance, if you want to disable all the controls within a group box, you can simply set the Enabled property of the group box to false. The RichTextBox Control Like the normal TextBox, the RichTextBox control is derived from TextBoxBase. Because of this, it shares a number of features with the TextBox, but is much more diverse. Where a TextBox is commonly used with the purpose of obtaining short text strings from the user, the RichTextBox is used to display and enter formatted text (for example bold, underline, and italic). It does so using a standard for formatted text called Rich Text Format or RTF. In the previous example, we used a standard TextBox. We could just as well have used a RichTextBox to do the job. In fact, as we'll see in the example later, you can remove the TextBox name txtoutput and insert a RichTextBox in its place with the same name, and the example behaves exactly as it did before. Events: The events list include the events for the textcontrol which discussed earlier The ListBox and CheckedListBox Controls List boxes are used to show a list of strings from which one or more can be selected at a time. Just like check boxes and radio buttons, the list box provides a means of asking the user to make one or more selections. You should use a list box when at design time you don't know the actual number of values the user can choose from (an example could be a list of co-workers). Even if you know all the possible values at design time, you should consider using a list box if there are a great number of values. The ListBox class is derived from the ListControl class, which provides the basic functionality for the two list-type controls that come out-of-the-box with Visual Studio.NET. The other control, the ComboBox, is discussed later in this chapter. Another kind of list box is provided with Visual Studio.NET. This is called CheckedListBox and is derived from the ListBox class. It provides a list just like the ListBox, but in addition to the text strings it provide a check for each item in the list.

8 ListBox Methods In order to work efficiently with a list box, you should know a number of methods that can be called. The following table lists the most common methods. Unless indicated, the methods belong to both the ListBox and CheckedListBox classes: Name Description ClearSelected Clears all selections in the ListBox, Finds the first string in the ListBox beginning with a string you FindString specify for example FindString("a") will find the first string in the ListBox beginning with 'a' FindStringExact Like FindString but the entire string must be matched GetSelected Returns a value that indicates whether an item is selected SetSelected Sets or clears the selection of an item ToString Returns the currently selected item GetItemChecked (CheckedListBox only) Returns a value indicating if an item is checked or not GetItemCheckState (CheckedListBox only) Returns a value indicating the check state of an item SetItemChecked (CheckedListBox only) Sets the item specified to a checked stat SetItemCheckState (CheckedListBox only) Sets the check state of an item ListBox Events Normally, the events you will want to be aware of when working with list boxes and CheckedListBoxes are those that have to do with the selections that are being made by the user: Name Description ItemCheck (CheckedListBox only) Occurs when the check state of one of the list items changes SelectedIndexChanged Occurs when the index of the selected item changes Try it Out ListBox Example The ComboBox Control As the name implies, a combo box combines a number of controls, to be specific the TextBox, Button, and ListBox controls. Unlike the ListBox, it is never possible to select more than one item in the list of items contained in a ComboBox and it is optionally possible to type new entries in the list in the TextBox part of the ComboBox.

9 Commonly, the ComboBox control is used to save space on a dialog because the only part of the combo box that is permanently visible are the text box and button parts of the control. When the user clicks the arrow button to the right of the text box, a list box unfolds in which the user can make a selection. As soon as he or she does so, the list box disappears and the display returns to normal. We will now look at the properties and events of the control and then create an example that uses the ComboBox and the two ListBox controls. ComboBox Events There are three main actions that you will want to be notified when happens on a combo box: 1 The selection changes 2 The drop down state changes 3 The text changes To handle these three actions you will normally subscribe to one or more of the following events: Name Description Occurs when the list portion of the control is dropped DropDown down. Occurs when the selection in the list portion of the SelectedIndexChanged control changed. These events occur when a key is pressed while the text KeyDown portion of the control has focus. Please refer to the KeyPress descriptions of the events in the text box section earlier in KeyUp this chapter. TextChanged Occurs when the Text property changes The ListView Control The list from which you select files to open in the standard dialog boxes in Windows is a ListView control Everything you can do to the view in the standard list view dialog (large icons, details view, and so on), you can do with the ListView provided with Visual Studio.NET:

10 The list view is usually used to present data where the user is allowed some control over the detail and style of the presentation. It is possible to display the data contained in the control as columns and rows much like in a grid, as a single column or in with varying icon representations. The most commonly used list view is like the one seen above which is used to navigate the folders on a computer. The ListView control is easily the most complex control we're going to encounter in this chapter, and covering all of it is beyond the scope of this book. What we'll do is provide a solid base for you to work on by writing an example that utilizes many of the most important features of the ListView control, and by a thorough description of the numerous properties, events, and methods that can be used. We'll also take a look at the ImageList control, which is used to store the images used in a ListView control. ListView Events And these are the ListView control events that you might want to handle: Name Description AfterLabelEdit This event occurs after a label have been edited BeforeLabelEdit This event occurs before a user begins editing a label ColumnClick This event occurs when a column is clicked ItemActivate Occurs when an item is activated The StatusBar Control A status bar is commonly used to provide hints for the selected item or information about an action currently being performed on a dialog. Normally, the StatusBar is placed at the bottom of the screen, as it is in MS Office applications, but it can be located anywhere you like. The status bar that is provided with Visual Studio.NET can be used to simply display a text or you can add panels to it and display text, or create your own routines for drawing the contents of the panel: The above picture shows the status bar as it looks in MS Word. The panels in the status bar can be identified as the sections that appear sunken. The TabControl Control The TabControl provides an easy way of organizing a dialog into logical parts that can be accessed through tabs located at the top of the control. A TabControl contains TabPages that essentially work in a similar way to a GroupBox control, though it is somewhat more complex:

11 The above screen shot shows the Options dialog in MS Word 2000 as it is typically configured. Notice the two rows of tabs at the top of the dialog. Clicking each of them will show a different selection of controls in the rest of the dialog. This is a very good example of how to use a tab control to group related information together, making it easier for the user to find the information s/he is looking for. Using the tab control is very easy. You simply add the number of tabs you want to display to the control's TabPages collection and then drag the controls you want to display to the respective pages. At runtime, you can navigate the tabs through the properties of the control. Summary This chapter introduced you to the broad picture of user interfaces in the.net world, and the basic design assumptions that Visual Studio makes automatically. You can make different design decisions, and.net allows you a considerable amount of freedom to create the exact framework that you want. In later chapters you ll learn how to exploit this freedom to create all types of custom controls. Finally, this chapter provided an introduction to the concepts of application architecture, which will crop up from time to time throughout this book as you design the user-interface layer of your application. This chapter provided a sweeping tour through the basics of.net controls, including how they interact, receive messages, process keystrokes and mouse movements, and handle focus. It also detailed the basic ingredients from the System. Drawing namespace for creating and managing colors, fonts, images, and more. The next chapter continues with another core topic for Windows user-interface programming forms.

12 Ado.net Introduction ADO.NET is an object-oriented set of libraries that allows you to interact with data sources. Commonly, the data source is a database, but it could also be a text file, an Excel spreadsheet, or an XML file. For the purposes of this tutorial, we will look at ADO.NET as a way to interact with a data base. As you are probably aware, there are many different types of databases available. For example, there is Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access, Oracle, Borland Interbase, and IBM DB2, just to name a few. To further refine the scope of this tutorial, all of the examples will use SQL Server. Data Providers We know that ADO.NET allows us to interact with different types of data sources and different types of databases. However, there isn't a single set of classes that allow you to accomplish this universally. Since different data sources expose different protocols, we need a way to communicate with the right data source using the right protocol. Some older data sources use the ODBC protocol,

13 many newer data sources use the OleDb protocol, and there are more data sources every day that allow you to communicate with them directly through.net ADO.NET class libraries. ADO.NET provides a relatively common way to interact with data sources, but comes in different sets of libraries for each way you can talk to a data source. These libraries are called Data Providers and are usually named for the protocol or data source type they allow you to interact with. table 1 lists some well known data providers, the API prefix they use, and the type of data source they allow you to interact with. table 1. ADO.NET Data Providers are class libraries that allow a common way to interact with specific data sources or protocols. The library APIs have prefixes that indicate which provider they support. API Provider Name Data Source Description prefix ODBC Data Provider Odbc Data Sources with an ODBC interface. Normally older data bases. OleDb Data Provider OleDb Data Sources that expose an OleDb interface, i.e. Access or Excel. Oracle Data Provider Oracle For Oracle Databases. SQL Data Provider Sql For interacting with Microsoft SQL Server. Generic access to many databases such as Interbase, SQL Server, IBM DB2, Borland Data Provider Bdp and Oracle. An example may help you to understand the meaning of the API prefix. One of the first ADO.NET objects you'll learn about is the connection object, which allows you to establish a connection to a data source. If we were using the OleDb Data Provider to connect to a data source that exposes an OleDb interface, we would use a connection object named OleDbConnection. Similarly, the connection object name would be prefixed with Odbc or Sql for an OdbcConnection object on an Odbc data source or a SqlConnection object on a SQL Server database, respectively. Since we are using MSDE in this tutorial (a scaled down version of SQL Server) all the API objects will have the Sql prefix. i.e. SqlConnection. ADO.NET Objects ADO.NET includes many objects you can use to work with data. This section introduces some of the primary objects you will use. Over the course of this tutorial, you'll be exposed to many more ADO.NET objects from the perspective of how they are used in a particular lesson. The objects below are the ones you must know. Learning about them will give you an idea of the types of things you can do with data when using ADO.NET.

14 The SqlConnection Object To interact with a database, you must have a connection to it. The connection helps identify the database server, the database name, user name, password, and other parameters that are required for connecting to the data base. A connection object is used by command objects so they will know which database to execute the command on. The SqlCommand Object The process of interacting with a database means that you must specify the actions you want to occur. This is done with a command object. You use a command object to send SQL statements to the database. A command object uses a connection object to figure out which database to communicate with. You can use a command object alone, to execute a command directly, or assign a reference to a command object to an SqlDataAdapter, which holds a set of commands that work on a group of data as described below. The SqlDataReader Object Many data operations require that you only get a stream of data for reading. The data reader object allows you to obtain the results of a SELECT statement from a command object. For performance reasons, the data returned from a data reader is a fast forward-only stream of data. This means that you can only pull the data from the stream in a sequential manner. This is good for speed, but if you need to manipulate data, then a DataSet is a better object to work with. The DataSet Object DataSet objects are in-memory representations of data. They contain multiple Datatable objects, which contain columns and rows, just like normal database tables. You can even define relations between tables to create parent-child relationships. The DataSet is specifically designed to help manage data in memory and to support disconnected operations on data, when such a scenario make sense. The DataSet is an object that is used by all of the Data Providers, which is why it does not have a Data Provider specific prefix. The SqlDataAdapter Object Sometimes the data you work with is primarily read-only and you rarely need to make changes to the underlying data source. Some situations also call for caching data in memory to minimize the number of database calls for data that does not change. The data adapter makes it easy for you to accomplish these things by helping to manage data in a disconnected mode. The data adapter fills a DataSet object when reading the data and writes in a single batch when persisting changes back to the database. A data adapter contains a reference to the connection object and opens and closes the connection automatically when reading from or writing to the database. Additionally, the data adapter contains command object references for SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations on the data. You will have a data adapter defined for each table in a DataSet and it will take care of all

15 communication with the database for you. All you need to do is tell the data adapter when to load from or write to the database. Summary ADO.NET is the.net technology for interacting with data sources. You have several Data Providers, which allow communication with different data sources, depending on the protocols they use or what the database is. Regardless, of which Data Provider used, you'll use a similar set of objects to interact with a data source. The SqlConnection object lets you manage a connection to a data source. SqlCommand objects allow you to talk to a data source and send commands to it. To have fast forward-only read access to data, use the SqlDataReader. If you want to work with disconnected data, use a DataSet and implement reading and writing to/from the data source with a SqlDataAdapter. SqlConnection object Introduction The first thing you will need to do when interacting with a data base is to create a connection. The connection tells the rest of the ADO.NET code which database it is talking to. It manages all of the low level logic associated with the specific database protocols. This makes it easy for you because the most work you will have to do in code is instantiate the connection object, open the connection, and then close the connection when you are done. Because of the way that other classes in ADO.NET are built, sometimes you don't even have to do that much work. Although working with connections is very easy in ADO.NET, you need to understand connections in order to make the right decisions when coding your data access routines. Understand that a connection is a valuable resource. Sure, if you have a stand-alone client application that works on a single database one one machine, you probably don't care about this. However, think about an enterprise application where hundreds of users throughout a company are accessing the same database. Each connection represents overhead and there can only be a finite amount of them. To look at a more extreme case, consider a Web site that is being hit with hundreds of thousands of hits a day. Applications that grab connections and don't let them go can have seriously negative impacts on performance and scalability. Creating a SqlConnection Object A SqlConnection is an object, just like any other C# object. Most of the time, you just declare and instantiate the SqlConnection all at the same time, as shown below: SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection( "Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=Northwind;Integrated Security=SSPI");

16 The SqlConnection object instantiated above uses a constructor with a single argument of type string. This argument is called a connection string. table 1 describes common parts of a connection string. table 1. ADO.NET Connection Strings contain certain key/value pairs for specifying how to make a database connection. They include the location, name of the database, and security credentials. Connection String Parameter Description Name Identifies the server. Could be local machine, machine domain name, Data Source or IP Address. Initial Catalog Database name. Integrated Security Set to SSPI to make connection with user's Windows login User ID Name of user configured in SQL Server. Password Password matching SQL Server User ID. Integrated Security is secure when you are on a single machine doing development. However, you will often want to specify security based on a SQL Server User ID with permissions set specifically for the application you are using. The following shows a connection string, using the User ID and Password parameters: SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection("Data Source=DatabaseServer; Initial Catalog=Northwind;User ID=YourUserID; Password=YourPassword"); Notice how the Data Source is set to DatabaseServer to indicate that you can identify a database located on a different machine, over a LAN, or over the Internet. Additionally, User ID and Password replace the Integrated Security parameter. Using a SqlConnection The purpose of creating a SqlConnection object is so you can enable other ADO.NET code to work with a database. Other ADO.NET objects, such as a SqlCommand and a SqlDataAdapter take a connection object as a parameter. The sequence of operations occurring in the lifetime of a SqlConnection are as follows: 1. Instantiate the SqlConnection. 2. Open the connection. 3. Pass the connection to other ADO.NET objects. 4. Perform database operations with the other ADO.NET objects. 5. Close the connection.

17 We've already seen how to instantiate a SqlConnection. The rest of the steps, opening, passing, using, and closing are shown in Listing 1. Listing 1. Using a SqlConnection using System; using System.Data; using System.Data.SqlClient; /// <summary> /// Demonstrates how to work with SqlConnection objects /// </summary> class SqlConnectionDemo static void Main() // 1. Instantiate the connection SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection( "Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=Northwind;Integrated Security=SSPI"); SqlDataReader rdr = null; try // 2. Open the connection conn.open(); // 3. Pass the connection to a command object SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("select * from Customers", conn); // // 4. Use the connection // // get query results rdr = cmd.executereader(); // print the CustomerID of each record

18 while (rdr.read()) Console.WriteLine(rdr[0]); finally // close the reader if (rdr!= null) rdr.close(); // 5. Close the connection if (conn!= null) conn.close(); As shown in Listing 1, you open a connection by calling the Open() method of the SqlConnection instance, conn. Any operations on a connection that was not yet opened will generate an exception. So, you must open the connection before using it. Before using a SqlCommand, you must let the ADO.NET code know which connection it needs. In Listing 1, we set the second parameter to the SqlCommand object with the SqlConnection object, conn. Any operations performed with the SqlCommand will use that connection. The code that uses the connection is a SqlCommand object, which performs a query on the Customers table. The result set is returned as a SqlDataReader and the while loop reads the first column from each row of the result set, which is the CustomerID column. We'll discuss the SqlCommand and SqlDataReader objects in later lessons. For right now, it is important for you to understand that these objects are using the SqlConnection object so they know what database to interact with. When you are done using the connection object, you must close it. Failure to do so could have serious consequences in the performance and scalability of your application. There are a couple points to be made about how we closed the connection in Listing 1: the Close() method is called in a finally block and we ensure that the connection is not null before closing it.

19 Notice that we wrapped the ADO.NET code in a try/finally block. The finally blocks help guarantee that a certain piece of code will be executed, regardless of whether or not an exception is generated. Since connections are scarce system resources, you will want to make sure they are closed in finally blocks. Another precaution you should take when closing connections is to make sure the connection object is not null. If something goes wrong when instantiating the connection, it will be null and you want to make sure you don't try to close an invalid connection, which would generate an exception. This example showed how to use a SqlConnection object with a SqlDataReader, which required explicitly closing the connection. However, when using a disconnected data model, you don't have to open and close the connection yourself. We'll see how this works in a future lesson when we look at the SqlDataAdapter object. Summary SqlConnection objects let other ADO.NET code know what database to connect to and how to make the connection. They are instantiated by passing a connection string with a set of key/value pairs that define the connection. The steps you use to manage the lifetime of a connection are create, open, pass, use, and close. Be sure to close your connection properly when you are done with it to ensure you don't have a connection resource leak. SqlCommand object A SqlCommand object allows you to specify what type of interaction you want to perform with a database. For example, you can do select, insert, modify, and delete commands on rows of data in a database table. The SqlCommand object can be used to support disconnected data management scenarios, but in this lesson we will only use the SqlCommand object alone. A later lesson on the SqlDataAdapter will explain how to implement an application that uses disconnected data. This lesson will also show you how to retrieve a single value from a database, such as the number of records in a table. Creating a SqlCommand Object Similar to other C# objects, you instantiate a SqlCommand object via the new instance declaration, as follows: SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("select CategoryName from Categories", conn); The line above is typical for instantiating a SqlCommand object. It takes a string parameter that holds the command you want to execute and a reference to a SqlConnection object. SqlCommand has a few overloads, which you will see in the examples of this tutorial. Querying Data

20 When using a SQL select command, you retrieve a data set for viewing. To accomplish this with a SqlCommand object, you would use the ExecuteReader method, which returns a SqlDataReader object. We'll discuss the SqlDataReader in a future lesson. The example below shows how to use the SqlCommand object to obtain a SqlDataReader object: // 1. Instantiate a new command with a query and connection SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("select CategoryName from Categories", conn); // 2. Call Execute reader to get query results SqlDataReader rdr = cmd.executereader(); In the example above, we instantiate a SqlCommand object, passing the command string and connection object to the constructor. Then we obtain a SqlDataReader object by calling the ExecuteReader method of the SqlCommand object, cmd. This code is part of the ReadData method of Listing 1 in the Putting it All Together section later in this lesson. Inserting Data To insert data into a database, use the ExecuteNonQuery method of the SqlCommand object. The following code shows how to insert data into a database table: // prepare command string string insertstring insert into Categories (CategoryName, Description) values ('Miscellaneous', 'Whatever doesn''t fit elsewhere')"; // 1. Instantiate a new command with a query and connection SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(insertString, conn); // 2. Call ExecuteNonQuery to send command cmd.executenonquery(); The SqlCommand instantiation is just a little different from what you've seen before, but it is basically the same. Instead of a literal string as the first parameter of the SqlCommand constructor, we are using a variable, insertstring. The insertstring variable is declared just above the SqlCommand declaration. Notice the two apostrophes ('') in the insertstring text for the word "doesn''t". This is how you escape the apostrophe to get the string to populate column properly.

21 Another observation to make about the insert command is that we explicitly specified the columns CategoryName and Description. The Categories table has a primary key field named CategoryID. We left this out of the list because SQL Server will add this field itself. trying to add a value to a primary key field, such as CategoryID, will generate an exception.to execute this command, we simply call the ExecuteNonQuery method on the SqlCommand instance, cmd. This code is part of the Insertdata method of Listing 1 in the Putting it All Together section later in this lesson. Updating Data The ExecuteNonQuery method is also used for updating data. The following code shows how to update data: // prepare command string string updatestring update Categories set CategoryName = 'Other' where CategoryName = 'Miscellaneous'"; // 1. Instantiate a new command with command text only SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(updateString); // 2. Set the Connection property cmd.connection = conn; // 3. Call ExecuteNonQuery to send command cmd.executenonquery(); Again, we put the SQL command into a string variable, but this time we used a different SqlCommand constructor that takes only the command. In step 2, we assign the SqlConnection object, conn, to the Connection property of the SqlCommand object, cmd. This could have been done with the same constructor used for the insert command, with two parameters. It demonstrates that you can change the connection object assigned to a command at any time. The ExecuteNonQuery method performs the update command. This code is part of the UpdateData method of Listing 1 in the Putting it All Together section later in this lesson. Deleting Data You can also delete data using the ExecuteNonQuery method. The following example shows how to delete a record from a database with the ExecuteNonQuery method: // prepare command string string deletestring

22 delete from Categories where CategoryName = 'Other'"; // 1. Instantiate a new command SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(); // 2. Set the CommandText property cmd.commandtext = deletestring; // 3. Set the Connection property cmd.connection = conn; // 4. Call ExecuteNonQuery to send command cmd.executenonquery(); This example uses the SqlCommand constructor with no parameters. Instead, it explicity sets the CommandText and Connection properties of the SqlCommand object, cmd. We could have also used either of the two previous SqlCommand constructor overloads, used for the insert or update command, with the same result. This demonstrates that you can change both the command text and the connection object at any time. The ExecuteNonQuery method call sends the command to the database. This code is part of the DeleteData method of Listing 1 in the Putting it All Together section later in this lesson. Getting Single values Sometimes all you need from a database is a single value, which could be a count, sum, average, or other aggregated value from a data set. Performing an ExecuteReader and calculating the result in your code is not the most efficient way to do this. The best choice is to let the database perform the work and return just the single value you need. The following example shows how to do this with the ExecuteScalar method: // 1. Instantiate a new command SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("select count(*) from Categories", conn); // 2. Call ExecuteNonQuery to send command int count = (int)cmd.executescalar(); The query in the SqlCommand constructor obtains the count of all records from the Categories table. This query will only return a single value. The ExecuteScalar method in step 2 returns this value. Since the return type of ExecuteScalar is type object, we use a cast operator to convert the value to int. This code is part of the GetNumberOfRecords method of Listing 1 in the Putting it All Together section later in this lesson.

23 Putting it All Together For simplicity, we showed snippets of code in previous sections to demonstrate the applicable techniques. It is also useful to have an entire code listing to see how this code is used in a working program. Listing 1 shows all of the code used in this example, along with a driver in the Main method to produce formatted output. Listing 1. SqlConnection Demo using System; using System.Data; using System.Data.SqlClient; /// <summary> /// Demonstrates how to work with SqlCommand objects /// </summary> class SqlCommandDemo SqlConnection conn; public SqlCommandDemo() // Instantiate the connection conn = new SqlConnection( "Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=Northwind;Integrated Security=SSPI"); // call methods that demo SqlCommand capabilities static void Main() SqlCommandDemo scd = new SqlCommandDemo(); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine("Categories Before Insert"); Console.WriteLine(" "); // use ExecuteReader method scd.readdata(); // use ExecuteNonQuery method for Insert scd.insertdata(); Console.WriteLine();

24 Console.WriteLine("Categories After Insert"); Console.WriteLine(" "); scd.readdata(); // use ExecuteNonQuery method for Update scd.updatedata(); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine("Categories After Update"); Console.WriteLine(" "); scd.readdata(); // use ExecuteNonQuery method for Delete scd.deletedata(); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine("Categories After Delete"); Console.WriteLine(" "); scd.readdata(); // use ExecuteScalar method int numberofrecords = scd.getnumberofrecords(); Console.WriteLine(); Console.WriteLine("Number of Records: 0", numberofrecords); /// <summary> /// use ExecuteReader method /// </summary> public void ReadData() SqlDataReader rdr = null; try // Open the connection conn.open(); // 1. Instantiate a new command with a query and connection SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("select CategoryName from Categories", conn); // 2. Call Execute reader to get query results

25 rdr = cmd.executereader(); // print the CategoryName of each record while (rdr.read()) Console.WriteLine(rdr[0]); finally // close the reader if (rdr!= null) rdr.close(); // Close the connection if (conn!= null) conn.close(); /// <summary> /// use ExecuteNonQuery method for Insert /// </summary> public void Insertdata() try // Open the connection conn.open(); // prepare command string string insertstring insert into Categories

26 (CategoryName, Description) values ('Miscellaneous', 'Whatever doesn''t fit elsewhere')"; // 1. Instantiate a new command with a query and connection SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(insertString, conn); // 2. Call ExecuteNonQuery to send command cmd.executenonquery(); finally // Close the connection if (conn!= null) conn.close(); /// <summary> /// use ExecuteNonQuery method for Update /// </summary> public void UpdateData() try // Open the connection conn.open(); // prepare command string string updatestring update Categories set CategoryName = 'Other' where CategoryName = 'Miscellaneous'"; // 1. Instantiate a new command with command text only SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(updateString);

27 // 2. Set the Connection property cmd.connection = conn; // 3. Call ExecuteNonQuery to send command cmd.executenonquery(); finally // Close the connection if (conn!= null) conn.close(); /// <summary> /// use ExecuteNonQuery method for Delete /// </summary> public void DeleteData() try // Open the connection conn.open(); // prepare command string string deletestring delete from Categories where CategoryName = 'Other'"; // 1. Instantiate a new command SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(); // 2. Set the CommandText property cmd.commandtext = deletestring;

28 // 3. Set the Connection property cmd.connection = conn; // 4. Call ExecuteNonQuery to send command cmd.executenonquery(); finally // Close the connection if (conn!= null) conn.close(); /// <summary> /// use ExecuteScalar method /// </summary> /// <returns>number of records</returns> public int GetNumberOfRecords() int count = -1; try // Open the connection conn.open(); // 1. Instantiate a new command SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("select count(*) from Categories", conn); // 2. Call ExecuteScalar to send command count = (int)cmd.executescalar(); finally

29 // Close the connection if (conn!= null) conn.close(); return count; In Listing 1, the SqlConnection object is instantiated in the SqlCommandDemo structure. This is okay because the object itself will be cleaned up when the CLR garbage collector executes. What is important is that we close the connection when we are done using it. This program opens the connection in a try block and closes it in a finally block in each method. The ReadData method displays the contents of the CategoryName column of the Categories table. We use it several times in the Main method to show the current status of the Categories table, which changes after each of the insert, update, and delete commands. Because of this, it is convenient to reuse to show you the effects after each method call. Summary A SqlCommand object allows you to query and send commands to a database. It has methods that are specialized for different commands. The ExecuteReader method returns a SqlDataReader object for viewing the results of a select query. For insert, update, and delete SQL commands, you use the ExecuteNonQuery method. If you only need a single aggregate value from a query, the ExecuteScalar is the best choice. SQLDATA READER Introduction A SqlDataReader is a type that is good for reading data in the most efficient manner possible. You can *not* use it for writing data. SqlDataReaders are often described as fast-forward firehose-like streams of data. You can read from SqlDataReader objects in a forward-only sequential manner. Once you've read some data, you must save it because you will not be able to go back and read it again. The forward only design of the SqlDataReader is what enables it to be fast. It doesn't have overhead associated with traversing the data or writing it back to the data source. Therefore, if your only

30 requirement for a group of data is for reading one time and you want the fastest method possible, the SqlDataReader is the best choice. Also, if the amount of data you need to read is larger than what you would prefer to hold in memory beyond a single call, then the streaming behavior of the SqlDataReader would be a good choice. Note: Observe that I used the term "one time" in the previous paragraph when discussing the reasons why you would use a SqlDataReader. As with anything, there are exceptions. In many cases, it is more efficient to use a cached DataSet. While caching is outside the scope of this tutorial, we will discuss using DataSet objects in the next lesson. Creating a SqlDataReader Object Getting an instance of a SqlDataReader is a little different than the way you instantiate other ADO.NET objects. You must call ExecuteReader on a command object, like this: SqlDataReader rdr = cmd.executereader(); The ExecuteReader method of the SqlCommand object, cmd, returns a SqlDataReader instance. Creating a SqlDataReader with the new operator doesn't do anything for you. As you learned in previous lessons, the SqlCommand object references the connection and the SQL statement necessary for the SqlDataReader to obtain data. Reading Data previous lessons contained code that used a SqlDataReader, but the discussion was delayed so we could focus on the specific subject of that particular lesson. This lesson builds from what you've seen and explains how to use the SqlDataReader. As explained earlier, the SqlDataReader returns data via a sequential stream. To read this data, you must pull data from a table row-by-row. Once a row has been read, the previous row is no longer available. To read that row again, you would have to create a new instance of the SqlDataReader and read through the data stream again. The typical method of reading from the data stream returned by the SqlDataReader is to iterate through each row with a while loop. The following code shows how to accomplish this: while (rdr.read()) // get the results of each column string contact = (string)rdr["contactname"]; string company = (string)rdr["companyname"]; string city = (string)rdr["city"];

31 // print out the results Console.Write("0,-25", contact); Console.Write("0,-20", city); Console.Write("0,-25", company); Console.WriteLine(); Notice the call to Read on the SqlDataReader, rdr, in the while loop condition in the code above. The return value of Read is type bool and returns true as long as there are more records to read. After the last record in the data stream has been read, Read returns false. In previous lessons, we extracted the first column from the row by using the SqlDataReader indexer, i.e. rdr[0]. You can extract each column of the row with a numeric indexer like this, but it isn't very readable. The example above uses a string indexer, where the string is the column name from the SQL query (the table column name if you used an asterisk, *. String indexers are much more readable, making the code easier to maintain. Regardless of the type of the indexer parameter, a SqlDataReader indexer will return type object. This is why the example above casts results to a string. Once the values are extracted, you can do whatever you want with them, such as printing them to output with Console type methods. Finishing Up Always remember to close your SqlDataReader, just like you need to close the SqlConnection. Wrap the data access code in a try block and put the close operation in the finally block, like this: try // data access code finally // 3. close the reader if (rdr!= null) rdr.close(); // close the connection too

32 The code above checks the SqlDataReader to make sure it isn't null. After the code knows that a good instance of the SqlDataReader exists, it can close it. Listing 1 shows the code for the previous sections in its entirety. Program : Using the SqlDataReader using System; using System.Data; using System.Data.SqlClient; namespace Lesson04 class ReaderDemo static void Main() ReaderDemo rd = new ReaderDemo(); rd.simpleread(); public void SimpleRead() // declare the SqlDataReader, which is used in // both the try block and the finally block SqlDataReader rdr = null; // create a connection object SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection( "Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=Northwind;Integrated Security=SSPI"); // create a command object SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand( "select * from Customers", conn); try // open the connection conn.open();

33 // 1. get an instance of the SqlDataReader rdr = cmd.executereader(); // print a set of column headers Console.WriteLine( "Contact Name City Company Name"); Console.WriteLine( " "); // 2. print necessary columns of each record while (rdr.read()) // get the results of each column string contact = (string)rdr["contactname"]; string company = (string)rdr["companyname"]; string city = (string)rdr["city"]; finally // print out the results Console.Write("0,-25", contact); Console.Write("0,-20", city); Console.Write("0,-25", company); Console.WriteLine(); // 3. close the reader if (rdr!= null) rdr.close(); // close the connection if (conn!= null) conn.close();

34 Summary SqlDataReader objects allow you to read data in a fast forward-only manner. You obtain data by reading each row from the data stream. Call the Close method of the SqlDataReader to ensure there are not any resource leaks. Working with Disconnected Data - The DataSet and SqlDataAdapter Introduction This Lesson shows how to accomplish something in-between SqlConnection and SqlDataReader interaction by using the DataSet and SqlDataAdapter objects. A DataSet is an in-memory data store that can hold numerous tables. DataSets only hold data and do not interact with a data source. It is the SqlDataAdapter that manages connections with the data source and gives us disconnected behavior. The SqlDataAdapter opens a connection only when required and closes it as soon as it has performed its task. For example, the SqlDataAdapter performs the following tasks when filling a DataSet with data: 1. Open connection 2. Retrieve data into DataSet 3. Close connection and performs the following actions when updating data source with DataSet changes: 1. Open connection 2. Write changes from DataSet to data source 3. Close connection In between the Fill and Update operations, data source connections are closed and you are free to read and write data with the DataSet as you need. These are the mechanics of working with disconnected data. Because the applications holds on to connections only when necessary, the application becomes more scalable. A couple scenarios illustrate why you would want to work with disconnected data: people working without network connectivity and making Web sites more scalable. Consider sales people who need customer data as they travel. At the beginning of the day, they'll need to sync up with the main