How the Internet Works
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1 How the Internet Works
2 Contents World Wide Web, which is made of HTML and HTTP and communicates over TCP/IP, which uses Ethernet and other network media. Supported by routing and DNS 2
3 WWW Page 3
4 HTML Code <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Nixu International</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY background="/gfx/back1.gif"> <CENTER> <IMG SRC="/gfx/logo.gif" ALT="Nixu Oy"><BR> <H1><I>Nixu Oy</I></H1> <UL> <LI><A HREF="/yhteysti.html">Contact us</a> <LI><A HREF="/avoimett/">Jobs</A> <LI><A HREF="/palvelut/">What we do</a> <LI><A HREF=" NameSurfer</A> </UL> </CENTER> </BODY> </HTML> 4
5 World Wide Web Combines text, pictures and hyperlinks to a hypertext document a hyperlink points to another document Can also contain moving pictures, active programs etc. Hypertext document is written in HTML language HyperText Markup Language describes the structure of a document WWW browser decides how to display the document based on the structure description in HTML 5
6 URL Universal Resource Locator URL is an address to the current location of information protocol://host[:server port]/path/file.html protocol://host[:server port]/path/ For example news:sfnet.harrastus.retkeily ftp://ftp.funet.fi/rfc/ WWW browser uses the URL address to retrieve a document over the network 6
7 HTTP Session Connection to the HTTP server program in equivalent to: telnet 80 GET /~kiravuo/demo.html HTTP/1.0 Connection: Keep-Alive User-Agent: Mozilla/4.06 [en] (Win95; I) Accept: image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, image/png, */* Accept-Charset: iso ,*,utf-8... HTTP/ OK Server: Apache/1.2.6 Last-Modified: Tue, 24 Nov :35:48 GMT Content-Length: 466 Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100 Connection: Keep-Alive 7
8 HTTP Session Cont. Content-Type: text/html... <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Nixu International</TITLE>... GET /gfx/back1.gif HTTP/1.0 Referer: HTTP/ OK Content-Length: 902 Content-Type: image/gif..gif89a
9 HTTP Protocol HTTP is a simple protocol for file transfer over the network Client (browser) initiates the session by connecting to the server Pull protocol, server does not transmit on its own Client issues the GET-command to retrieve a file from the server Additional information is also passed Client type Acceptable data formats Server sends information about the file and the contents of the file 9
10 Connections HTML is a data format HTTP protocol transfers files over a reliable connection No error checks or checksums in HTTP On the Internet we use TCP/IP for the reliable connection TCP/IP provides a reliable byte-stream as a service to HTTP Browser uses HTTP to get the required HTML file specified by the URL 10
11 Addresses Each host has a name E.g. The network uses numeric addresses E.g Translation is provided by the DNS (Domain Name Service) A host has also numbered ports, which are connected to server programs Port addresses are standardized, eg port 80 for HTTP, port 25 for SMTP 11
12 TCP TCP = Transmission Control Protocol Defined in RFC-793 Connection-oriented, reliable, byte-stream service Application data is broken into segments, which are sent as IP datagrams. Features: Checksums, timeouts and flow control Segment reassembly in correct order, discarding duplicate packets 12
13 Reliable TCP Operation Receiver sends acknowledgment for each segment. Client Server waiting for ack packet gets lost retransmission ACK If a packet gets lost, timeout will ensure it s retransmitted 13
14 UDP UDP = User Datagram Protocol Defined in RFC-768 Unreliable datagram-oriented transportation layer protocol Offers little extra functionality besides port numbers Light-weight, easy to implement Applications using UDP: DNS, Radius, NTP, SNMP 14
15 IP IP = The Internet Protocol Defined in RFC-791 IP sends simple datagrams over network. It provides unreliable and connectionless delivery service. Unreliable = no guarantees, best effort only Connectionless = each packet is handled separately at the IP layer 15
16 Ethernet Defined in IEEE One local area network (LAN) technology Limited to short range connections (100 m - 1 km) Different cabling options (coaxial cabling, twisted pair etc.) Has it s own addresses 6 bytes Relevant only within one LAN 16
17 Protocol Stacks Internet (TCP/IP) Application TCP, UDP IP Data Link Physical OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical The OSI model is mostly used as a reference The TCP/IP application layer combines the features of the three topmost OSI layers 17
18 Actual Session Data Eavesdropping traffic is technically easy Requires only an access to the physical media Here is a dump of the packets from the network A complete session would be a little bit longer 18
19 Data client -> Server ETHER: Destination = 8:0:20:74:f1:2c, Sun ETHER: Source = 0:0:3b:80:e:93, ETHER: Ethertype = 0800 (IP) IP: Protocol = 6 (TCP) IP: Source address = , chili.nixu.fi IP: Dest. address = , jalopeno.nixu.fi TCP: Source port = TCP: Destination port = 80 (HTTP) TCP: Sequence number = TCP: Acknowledgement number = HTTP: "GET /~kiravuo/demo.html HTTP/1.0 Connection: Keep-Alive User-Agent: Mozilla/ " 19
20 Ack server -> Client ETHER: Destination = 0:0:3b:80:e:93, ETHER: Source = 8:0:20:74:f1:2c, Sun ETHER: Ethertype = 0800 (IP) IP: Flags = 0x4 (do not fragment) IP: Protocol = 6 (TCP) IP: Source address = , jalopeno.nixu.fi IP: Dest. address = , chili.nixu.fi TCP: Source port = 80 (HTTP) TCP: Destination port = TCP: Sequence number = TCP: Acknowledgement number = TCP: Flags = 0x10 (ACK) HTTP: "" 20
21 Data server -> Client ETHER: Destination = 0:0:3b:80:e:93, ETHER: Source = 8:0:20:74:f1:2c, Sun ETHER: Ethertype = 0800 (IP) IP: Protocol = 6 (TCP) IP: Source address = , jalopeno.nixu.fi IP: Dest. address = , chili.nixu.fi TCP: Source port = 80 (HTTP) TCP: Destination port = TCP: Sequence number = TCP: Acknowledgement number = TCP: Data offset = 20 bytes TCP: Flags = 0x10 (ACK) HTTP: "HTTP/ OK Server: Apache/1.2.6 Last-Modified: Tue, 2..." 21
22 Ack Client -> Server ETHER: Destination = 8:0:20:74:f1:2c, Sun ETHER: Source = 0:0:3b:80:e:93, ETHER: Ethertype = 0800 (IP) IP: Protocol = 6 (TCP) IP: Source address = , chili.nixu.fi IP: Dest. address = , jalopeno.nixu.fi TCP: Source port = TCP: Destination port = 80 (HTTP) TCP: Sequence number = TCP: Acknowledgement number = TCP: Flags = 0x10 (ACK) HTTP: "" 22
23 Routing LANs are connected by routers Each router has a table that tells which network address can be reached by which connection Backbone routers update their information automatically and can route around breaks in the network 23
24 Routing network Router Default * * Hub Router *.* *.* *.* Router... Router Default Default * * Hub WWW-server WWW-client 24
25 Domain Name System Distributed database with local caching Distributed administration (adding or deleting data) Services provided: Hostname to IP address IP address to hostname Mail exchange records 25
26 Name Space Structure "." arpa com fi se in-addr namesurfer tele nixu www dat ns ns2 www tapas www ns tapas.nixu.fi 26
27 Summary URL: HTML: <H1>Homepage</H1>... Browser open( Display HTTP: GET index.html TCP: port 80, ACK 5634 WWW server IP: To: IP: forwarding Ethernet: to:00:00:08:12:34:45 ETH ATM HTML HTTP TCP IP ATM 27
28 Conclusion Layered protocols are a flexible solution and enable one network to do many kinds of things IP is the key protocol to which everything else attaches The TCP/IP family is not perfect and there are many known fundamental problems, however it works well enough for practical purposes 28
29 Sample exam questions Many exam questions require applying knowledge, knowing the facts is not enough Describe at least one functionality that would need to be implemented to the applications layer protocols, if transport layer (TCP) would be removed from the Internet model (2 p) What is the motivation for the layered protocol stack? (2 p) How does the WWW work? (6 p) Miten WWW toimii? (6 p) 29
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