Mike Anderson. TCP/IP in Embedded Systems. CTO/Chief Scientist The PTR Group, Inc.
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1 TCP/IP in Embedded Systems Mike Anderson CTO/Chief Scientist The PTR Group, Inc. RTC/GB-1
2 What We ll Talk About Networking 101 Stacks Protocols Routing Drivers Embedded Stacks Porting RTC/GB-2
3 Connected Systems 10 years ago, it was unusual to find embedded systems that had network connectivity Today, it s difficult to find systems that don t have network connectivity requirements Ranges from use during development to heavily network-centric internet appliances RTC/GB-3
4 What is a Network Anything connected to anything else! RTC/GB-4
5 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link What is a Stack? Specialized network functions such as file transfer, virtual terminal, electronic mail, and file servers. Protocols: DNS, TFTP, BOOTP, SNMP, RLOGIN, FTP, SMTP, MIME, NFS Data formatting and character code conversion and data encryption. Protocols: Null Negotiation and establishment of a connection with another node. Protocols: Null Provision for reliable or end-to-end delivery of data. Protocols: TCP, UDP Routing of packets of information across multiple networks Protocols: IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, RIP, OSPF, BGP, IGMP Transfer of addressable units of information, frames, and error checking. Protocols: SLIP, CSLIP, PPP, IEEE Physical Transmission of binary data over a communications network. Protocols: ISO 2110, IEEE 802 The ISO Reference Model RTC/GB-5
6 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session The Internet Protocol Application 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical TCP/ IP Enet MAC 100BaseT RTC/GB-6
7 Example WRS VxWorks Stack User Applications NFS WDB Agen t RPC Network Services rlogin, netdrv, FTP/TFTP, etc. Alternate Alternate Alternate Stack Stack Stack Sockets/Streams TCP IP UDP ICMP Mux BSD 4.3 Serial Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Custom Interface SM Backplane Older Ethernet RTC/GB-7
8 The Physical and DataLink layers can be made out of anything Ethernet 10, 100, Gig Telcom T1, SONET, Fiber Serial PPP, SLIP Wireless , Bluetooth For the most part you only need the right driver! Let s Get Physical RTC/GB-8
9 Protocols Inside Protocols Layered Protocols are wrapped in each other Ethernet -> IP -> TCP -> Your Data Ethernet IP TCP Payload Enet Cksum RTC/GB-9
10 Communication Types There are two primary styles of network communications Connection-based Virtual-circuit oriented Connection-less Datagram oriented Which type you pick depends on the application RTC/GB-10
11 IP Routing One of IP s jobs is packet routing Remember, best effort only Static routing is typically handled with either files or memory-based tables Dynamic routing is done either via RIP, OSPF or BGP protocols RTC/GB-11
12 Application Routing Example Application TCP IP Router TCP IP IP IP Ethernet Enet1 Enet2 Ethernet Default Route Routing Table Network Gateway ARPs may be required along the way Explicit Route Routing Table Network Gateway RTC/GB-12
13 All this network stuff seems pretty complicated Sockets are a way to use a stack for the application programmer They make a network connection look like a file What is a Socket RTC/GB-13
14 Where Does A Driver Fit In? Application TCP/ IP Right Here Usually Enet MAC 100BaseT RTC/GB-14
15 Network Device Drivers (Inbound) The requirements for network device driver develop vary widely from one O/S to another In general, packets will arrive on the interface as a contiguous block of data An interrupt is signaled and the ISR must move the data from the interface H/W buffer into a format that is compatible with the stack Clusters, mblks or mbufs This collection of smaller buffers is then moved up through the stack by changing pointers into the buffer chain RTC/GB-15
16 Buffer Movement Enet Hdr IP Header TCP Header mbuf hdr mbuf hdr IP Stack Payload mbuf hdr mbuf hdr... TCP Stack Socket Interface RTC/GB-16
17 Network Device Drivers (Outbound) To move the data outbound, the network driver must walk the mbuf/mblk/cluster chain to produce a contiguous buffer for the hardware to transfer Some NICs provide DMA engines that can handle this transfer Memory must be marked as uncacheable unless the architecture supports bus snooping These mbuf/mblk/cluster structures are usually pre-allocated to maximize performance RTC/GB-17
18 How Much Stack do we Need? It depends Simple configuration The PIC or similar device Serial interface Web-based user interface Ipsil or similar Ethernet interface Network Router/VoIP General purpose CPU w/ RTOS or Linux RTC/GB-18
19 Fat User Applications NFS WDB Agen t RPC Network Services rlogin, netdrv, FTP/TFTP, etc. Alternate Alternate Alternate Stack Stack Stack Sockets/Streams TCP UDP IP ICMP Mux BSD 4.3 Serial Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Custom Interface SM Backplane Older Ethernet RTC/GB-19
20 Skinny User Application Webserver Sockets/Streams TCP UDP IP Ethernet RTC/GB-20
21 Trimming the Fat Performance? Footprint? You probably don t need all of those protocols Sometimes the stack is modular/configurable Sometimes you can buy a lite stack Not all stacks are created equal! RTC/GB-21
22 The Stack Spectrum Speed/PPS PIC 12C509 TCP Firmware 118 pps SMP SMP Linux Linux Integrated Integrated Stack Stack ThreadX ThreadX / / Interniche Interniche Stack Stack VxWorks VxWorks Integrated Integrated stack stack BlackDiamond 6816 TCP Hardware 192 Million pps 0 Cost/Complexity RTC/GB-22
23 Porting a Stack Third-party stacks are often designed to run with or without a kernel They simply require memory allocation, a timer and a means to get control of the CPU e.g., ISR or tasking You ll still need to write a device driver for the NIC For best performance the use of interrupts and DMA is recommended, but polling is possible for simpler processor architectures RTC/GB-23
24 Example Stack Size Intel 8088 Bytes 14, , , , ======= Use TCP code space TCP static data Sockets code space Sockets static data IP Module w/ ICMP, UDP, queues, timers, etc. IP module data ARP code space ARP data space 34,674 RTC/GB-24
25 Example HTTP Server Bytes 34,674 1,838 3,092 12,653 2,008 23,863 11,277 1,292 67,165 ======= Use TCP/IP protocol & sockets Packet driver interface code space ODI driver interface code space Web server code space w/ CGI interface Web server static data Web server VFS (compressed HTML, etc.) FTP code space (server & client) FTP static data space Other (C runtime, MS C libraries, glue code, etc.) 157,862 RTC/GB-25
26 What About Web Servers? HTTP is a stream-oriented protocol TCP support, usually with sockets API is a must Simple web interface does not require an O/S If we want to launch applications from the web interface We ll probably need task schedulers RTOS or Linux, etc. JVM or CGI or Perl/JavaScript support Our applications are then free to use UDP for applications like live video RTC/GB-26
27 Summary We have only begun to scratch the surface here There are many approaches to TCP/IP support depending on your needs Higher speeds and more sophisticated protocol support typically require an O/S Highest performances are achieved by marrying O/S with dedicated H/W Just because you re networked doesn t mean you can t be lite RTC/GB-27
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