Networking Operating Systems (CO32010)
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1 Networking Operating Systems (CO32010) 1. Operating Systems Objectives: 2. Processes To To outline outline the the usage usage of of the the three three main main NOS s: NOS s: NT/2000, UNIX UNIX and and Netware. and To To define define the the usage usage of of object object scheduling properties each each of of the the NOS s. NOS s. To To define define how how distributed files files systems are are created created in in the the three three main main NOS s NOS s (UNIX (UNIX NFS, NFS, Active Active Directories NT/2000 and and NDS NDS NetWare) 7. Encryption 3. Distributed processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Microsoft Windows 8.3 UNIX 8.4 Novell NetWare 8.5 NDS 6. Routers 5. Routing protocols 8. NT, UNIX and NetWare 4. Distributed file systems
2 Local audit policy Success Failure User login/logout File and object access? Use of user rights?? User and group management? Security policy changes? Restart/shutdown Process tracking \\freds_pc \\bills_pc Domain Domain (my_d) (my_d) \\server1 Domain audit policy Success Failure User login/logout File and object access? etc
3 UNIX file attributes file owner name group s name date/time last modified filename - rwxr - xr -x 1 bill_b staff 28 May gopc directory attribute d rwx rwx rwx User USER GROUP WORLD Group World
4 UNIX TCP/IP for its communications. NFS for mounting files over a network. ICMP (for ping, traceroute, and so on). RIP (for routing). ARP (for determination of MAC addresses). DNS (for determining domain names). BOOTP (for IP address allocation). FTP (for file transfer). TELNET (for remote login). NIS (for creating domains). RPC (for remote processing execution). SMTP (for ). SNMP (for network management)
5 Application Application Presentation Presentation Application Application program program Session Session Transport Transport Network Network NetWare NetWare (SPX/IPX) (SPX/IPX) UNIX/ UNIX/ Internet Internet (TCP/IP) (TCP/IP) Windows Windows (NetBEUI) (NetBEUI) Transport Driver Interface (TDI) Network Device Interface Specification (NDIS) Data Data link link Physical Physical Media Media Access Access Control Control Ethernet/ Ethernet/ ATM/ ATM/ ISDN/ ISDN/ etc. etc. NDIS Wrapper NDIS NIC Driver NIC
6 Application programs NetWare shell (NETx) software NCP (network core protocol) SPX/IPX hardware ODI (open data-link interface) NIC (network interface card) NetWare client: Windows NT, Windows 3.1, Unix, OS/2, Mac or DOS server
7 Application Application program Presentation NetWare shell Session NCP redirector/ NETBIOS emulator Transport SPX Network Data link Physical IPX Ethernet, Token Ring, etc. Open-device interface (ODI)
8 Problems with Novell NetWare 3 It uses SPX/IPX which is incompatible with TCP/IP traffic. It is difficult to synchronize servers with user information. The file structure is local to individual servers. Server architecture is flat and cannot be organized into a hierarchical structure (Bindery services).
9 NDS Hierarchical server structure. Network-wide users and groups. Global objects. NDS integrates users, groups, printers, servers, volumes and other physical resources into a hierarchical tree structure. System-wide login with a single password. This allows users to access resources which are connected to remote servers. NDS processes logins between NetWare 3.1 and NetWare 4/5 servers, if the login names and passwords are the same. Supports distributed file system.
10 NDS (cont.) Synchronization services. NDS allows for directory synchronization, which allows directories to be mirrored on different partitions or different servers. This provides increased reliability in that if a server develops a fault then the files on that server can be replicated by another server. Standardized organizational structure for applications, printers, servers and services. This provides a common structure across different organizations. It integrates most of the administrative tasks in Windows-based NWADMIN.EXE program. It is a truly distributed system where the directory information can be distributed around the tree. Support for NFS server for UNIX resources. Multiple login scripts, as opposed to system and user login scripts in NetWare 3.1. Windows NT support.
11 Organization Organization Root objects Electrical Electrical Mechanical Mechanical Production Production Administration Administration Container objects BINS/VOL1 BINS/VOL1 Q_LASER Q_LASER CD_DISK CD_DISK Containe objects SYS/VOL2 SYS/VOL2
![[ROOT].](/docs-images/74/70689870/images/12-0.jpg "This is the top level of the inverted tree and contains all the objects within the organizational")
12 [ROOT]. This is the top level of the inverted tree and contains all the objects within the organizational structure. Organization. This object class defines the organizational name (such as FRED_AND_CO). It is normally the next level after [ROOT] (or below the C=Country object). User. This object defines an individual user. The first user created in a NetWare 4 system is the ADMIN user, which is typically the only user with rights to add and delete objects on the whole of the NDS structure. NCP (NetWare Control Protocol) Server. This appears for all NetWare 4 servers. Volume. This identifies the mounted volume for file services. A network file system data links to the Directory tree through Volume objects. The most commonly used objects are: Bindery. These allow compatibility with existing Bindery-based NetWare 3, NetWare 3 clients and NetWare 4 servers which do not completely implement NDS. They display any object that isn t a user, group, queue, profile or print server, which was created using the bindery services. Organizational unit. This object represents the OU part of the NDS tree. These divide the NDS tree into subdivisions, which can represent different geographical sites, different divisions or workgroups. Different divisions might be PRODUCTION, ACCOUNT, RESEARCH, and so on. Each Organizational Unit has its own login script. Organization role. This object represents a defined role within an organization object. It is thus easy to identify users who have an administrative role within the organization. Group. This object represents a grouping of users. All users within a group inherit the same access rights.
13 Directory map. This object points to a file system directory on a mounted volume. It is typically used to create a global file system which has physically separate parts. Alias. This identifies an object with another name. For example, a print queue which is called NET_PRINT1 might have an alias name of HP _LASER_JET_6. Printer. This can either be connected to the printer port of a PC, or connected to a NetWare server. Print queue. This object represents the queue of print jobs. Profile. This object defines a special scripting file. This can be a global login script, a location login script or a special login script. Print server. This object allows print jobs to be queued, waiting to be serviced by the associated printer.
14 [ROOT]. This is the top level of the tree. The top of the NDS tree is the [ROOT] object. C=Country. This object can be used, or not, to represent different countries, typically where an organization is distributed over two or more countries. If it is used then it must be placed below the [ROOT] object. NDS normally does not use the Country object and uses the Organization Unit to define the geographically located sites, such as SALES_UK.[ROOT], SALES_USA.[ROOT], and so on. L=Locality. This object defines locations within other objects, and identifies network portions. The Country and Locality objects are included in the X.500 specification, but they are not normally used, because many NetWare 4 utilities do not recognize it. When used, it must be placed below the [Root] object, Country object, Organization object, or Organizational Unit object.
15 Leaf Objects (CN - Common Name) Apart from the container objects (C, O, OU, and so on) there are leaf objects. These are assigned a CN (for Common Name). They include: CN=AFP Server CN=Bindery CN=Bindery Queue CN=Computer CN=Directory Map CN=Group CN=Organizational Role CN=Print Queue CN=Print Server CN=Printer CN=Profile CN=Server CN=User CN=Volume
![[ROOT]](/docs-images/74/70689870/images/16-0.jpg "O=Organization")
16 [ROOT] O=Organization (such as: O=FRED_ANDCO) OU=Organizational Unit (such as: OU=TEST) OU=Organizational Unit (such as: OU=SALES) User1 User2 Printer Printer Server Groups Print Queues Volumes
17 LP=Licensed Product. This object is automatically created when a license certificate is installed. When used, it must be placed below the [Root] object, Country object, Organization object, or Organizational Unit object. O=Organization. This object represents the name of the organization, a company division or a department. Each NDS Directory tree has at least one Organization object, and it must be placed below the [Root] object (unless the tree uses the Country or Locality object). OU=Organization Unit. This object normally represents the name of the organizational unit within the organization, such as Production, Accounts, and so on. At this level, User objects can be added and a system level login script is created. It is normally placed below the Organizational object.
18 Primary server Secondary server NIC MSL adapter Duplexed traffic MSL adapter NIC Network connections
19 Remote access to network PPP/SLIP Remote access connection Remote access server
20 PPTP PPTP Virtual flow PPTP encapsulates the required protocol (TCP/IP, IPX, AppleTalk, NETBEUI) Remote access server Virtual Private Network
21 IP IPX IP IPX IP IPX IP IPX IP IPX IP IPX Network layer PPP IPCP IPXCP ACP NCP NCP Authentication Authentication and and LCP LCP IPCP IPXCP ACP NCP NCP Authentication Authentication and and LCP LCP Data link layer Asynchronous/synchronous media media Asynchronous/synchronous media media PPP trailer IP PPP header
22 Flag Flag ( ) ( ) Address Address ( ) ( ) Control Control ( ) ( ) Protocol Protocol Data Data FCS FCS Flag Flag ( ) ( ) 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte 2 bytes variable 2 or 4 Network protocols: bytes 0021h IP 0029h Appletalk 002bh Novell IPX Network Control Protocols: 8021h IP Control Protocol 8029h Appletalk Control Protocol 802bh Novell IPX Control Protocol 1 byte Link Control Protocols: C021h Link Control Protocol C023h PAP C025h Link Quality Report C223h CHAP
23 2 bytes 2 or 4 bytes Flag Flag ( ) ( ) Address Address ( ) ( ) Control Control ( ) ( ) Protocol Protocol (C021h (C021h - - LCP LCP ) ) FCS FCS Flag Flag ( ) ( ) 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte 1 byte Code Code Identifier Identifier Length Length Data Data 1 Configure-Request 2 Configure-Ack 3 Configure-Nak 4 Configure-Reject 5 Terminate-Request 6 Terminate-Ack 7 Code-Reject 8 Protocol-Reject 9 Echo-Request 10 Echo-Reply 11 Discard-Request
24 Client Network connection Server LCP AND NCP packets Link establishment phase Link quality phase Network-layer protocol phase Link termination phase
25 Network Hostname; remotenode Password; pass 1 Remotenode pass 1 Accept/reject Password sent with clear text
26 Client Server Hostname; remotenode Password; pass 1 Challenge Response Accept/reject
27 RCR sta Tut Closed Closed Open Closing Closing str Close Opened Opened sca RCN,TO + RCR+ RCR- RCA RCN,TO + scr scn Req-sent Req-sent RCA TO+ Ack-Rcvd Ack-Rcvd scn sca Ack-Sent Ack-Sent RCR+ RCR-
28 LCP configuration packets Link Link Dead Dead Phase Phase Up Link Link Establishment Establishment Phase Phase Opened Authentication Authentication Phase Phase Fail Fail Success/ none Down Link Link Terminatation Terminatation Phase Phase Closing Network- Network- Layer Layer Protocol Protocol Phase Phase NCP packets
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