IPv6 Protocol. Does it solve all the security problems of IPv4? Franjo Majstor EMEA Consulting Engineer Cisco Systems, Inc.
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1 IPv6 Protocol Does it solve all the security problems of IPv4? Franjo Majstor EMEA Consulting Engineer Cisco Systems, Inc. 1
2 Agenda IPv6 Primer IPv6 Protocol Security Dual stack approach Q&A 2
3 IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison IPv4 Header IPv6 Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Version Traffic Class Flow Label Time to Live Identification Protocol Flags Fragment Offset Header Checksum Payload Length Next Header Hop Limit Source Address Destination Address Source Address Options Padding Legend - field s name kept from IPv4 to IPv6 - fields not kept in IPv6 - Name & position changed in IPv6 - New field in IPv6 Destination Address 3
4 IPv6 Header Options (RFC 2460) IPv6 Header Next Header = TCP TCP Header + Data IPv6 Header Next Header = Routing Routing Header Next Header = TCP TCP Header + Data IPv6 Header Next Header = Routing Routing Header Next Header = Fragment Fragment Header Next Header = TCP Fragment of TCP Header + Data Processed only by node identified in IPv6 Destination Address field => much lower overhead than IPv4 options exception: Hop-by-Hop Options header Eliminated IPv4 s 40-octet limit on options in IPv6, limit is total packet size, or Path MTU in some cases 4
5 IPv6 Security Options All implementations required to support authentication and encryption headers (AH and ESP of IPsec) Authentication separate from encryption for use in situations where encryption is prohibited or prohibitively expensive Key distribution protocols are under development (independent of IP v4/v6) Support for manual key configuration required 5
6 Authentication Header (AH) Next Header Hdr Ext Len Reserved Security Parameters Index (SPI) Sequence Number Authentication Data Destination Address + SPI identifies security association state (key, lifetime, algorithm, etc.) Provides origin authentication, data integrity and anti- replay protection for all fields of IPv6 packet that do not change en-route Default algorithms are MD5/SHA-1 6
7 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Security Parameters Index (SPI) Sequence Number Payload Padding Padding Length Authentication Data Next Header Provides origin authentication, data integrity, anti- replay protection and confidentiality of the IPv6 packet payload Default algorithms are DES/3DES, MD-5,SHA-1 7
8 What else does IPv6 for Security? Security Nothing IP4 doesn t do - IPsec runs on both and IPv6 mandates IPsec implementation. Does a lot dynamically on L3 (via ICMP), hence remove part of L2 problems, right? Supports privacy addressing scheme Migration via dual stacks! 8
9 IPv6 Security Exposures Autoconfiguration stateless configuration and discovery, contradicting requirements with security ICMPv6 protected by IPsec DAD security bootstrap problem duplicate address detection mechanism 9
10 Stateless autoconfiguration 1. RS 2. RA ICMP w/o IPsec AH gives exactly same level of security 2. RA as ARP for IPv4 (none) 1. RS: 2. RA: Bootstrap security ICMP Type = 133 ICMP Type = 134 problem! Src = :: Src = Router Link-local Potential Addresssolution: Dst = All-Routers multicast Address 802.1x or CGA Dst = All-nodes multicast address query= please send RA Data= options, prefix, lifetime, autoconfig flag Router solicitation are sent by booting nodes to request RAs for configuring the interfaces. 10
11 Neighbor Discovery - Neighbor Solicitation A ICMP type = 135 Src = A Dst = Solicited-node multicast of B Data = link-layer address of A Query = what is your link address? B Security mechanisms built into discovery protocol None. Bootstrap security problem! Potential solution: 802.1x or CGA A and B can now exchange packets on this link ICMP type = 136 Src = B Dst = A Data = link-layer address of B 11
12 DAD (Duplicate Address Detection) A ICMP type = 135 Src = 0 (::) Dst = Solicited-node multicast of A Data = link-layer address of A Query = what is your link address? B From RFC 2462: «If a is discovered the address cannot be assigned to the interface» What if: Use MAC@ of the node you want to DoS and fabricate its Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) uses neighbor solicitation to verify the existence of an address to be configured. 12
13 Neighbor Discovery - Redirect A B In IPv4: «no ip icmp redirect» In IPv6: «no ipv6 redirect R2» R1 3FFE:B00:C18:2::/64 Src = A Dst IP = 3FFE:B00:C18:2::1 Dst Ethernet = R2 (default router) Redirect: Src = R2 Dst = A Data = good router = R1 Redirect is used by a router to signal the reroute of a packet to a better router. 13
14 IPv4 Spoofing using Source Routing B is a friend allow access Rb B A Ra B->A via C,Rc,Ra A->B via Ra, Rc,C B->A via C,Rc Ra A->B via Ra, Rc,C Rc B->A via C, Rc,Ra A->B via Ra, Rc,C In IPv4: - router configurable command «no ip source-route» solves the problem, what about IPv6? C Back traffic uses the same source route 14
15 Mobile IP - security still work in progress Home Agent Destination Node Mobility and Not Possible security in IPv4 elements of mobile IPv6 still work in progress Mobile Node (MIPv6 draft 2001:2:a010::5 2001:2:a010::5 authentication). Mobility means: Mobile devices are fully supported while moving Built-in on IPv6 Any node can use it Efficient routing means performance for end-users 15
16 IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack Approach Application IPv6-enabled Application TCP UDP TCP UDP IPv4 IPv6 0x0800 0x86dd Data Link (Ethernet) IPv4 IPv6 0x0800 0x86dd Data Link (Ethernet) Frame Protocol ID Dual stack node means: Both IPv4 and IPv6 stacks enabled Applications can talk to both Choice of the IPv4 or IPv6 is based on name lookup and app. preference 16
17 Dual Stack Approach & VPN 3ffe:b00:: x.z IPv4 IPv x.y If the VPN policy allows no split tunneling, does the dual stack approach supports it? 3ffe:b00::1 In a dual stack case & VPN tunnel with non-split tunneling policy: - All IPv4 traffic is non-split tunneled through VPN tunnel - All IPv6 traffic is going out (and in) in the clear as a policy violation(?) 17
18 IPv6 vs. IPv4 Security Summary Service Fragmentation Source routing ICMP Redirection IPv4 Solution Router or end node can fragment Could be disabled no ip icmp redirect IPv6 Solution Only end nodes can fragment Routing Hdr required for Mobile IPv6 no ipv6 redirect Duplicate addressing No protection No protection Privacy Layer 3 Layer 2-3 Integ/Auth/Confid. IPSec IPSec Mandated 18
19 Questions? 19
20 References Forums and test beds: Vendor links: Other useful links:
21 Thank you! IPv6 Protocol IPv6 Protocol Does it solve all the security problems of IPv4? 21
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