Asst. Prof. Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Ph.D.
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1 IP Version 6 Asst. Prof. Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Ph.D. chaiporn.j@ku.ac.th Computer Engineering Department Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand Adapted from the notes by Lami Kaya and lecture slides from Anan Phonphoem 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2 What is wrong with IPv4? Internet growth New applications Real time app. Network Changes Need for corporations 2
3 Internet Growth 3
4 IP Address Allocation IANA RIRs ISPs IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority RIR Regional Internet Registrar Source: wikipedia.org 4
5 Number of Free /8s Source: wikipedia.org 5
6 NAT to the Rescue Or not? The Internet ISP / /25 R NAT
7 The NAT Problem NAT breaks end-to-end connectivity model Complicate communication between hosts Internet NAT ?
8 Rationale for IPv6 IPv4 address space consumption Last blocks have already been allocated Unused addresses reclaimed Loss of end to end connectivity Widespread use of NAT due to ISP policies and marketing Additional complexity and performance degradation 8
9 Needs for IPv6 9
10 IPv6 Feature Summary Increased size of address space Header simplification Extended Address Hierarchy Auto-configuration / Renumbering Quality of Services (QoS) IPSec (As for IPv4) 10
11 IPv6 Addressing Model Unicast single interface Anycast any one (among many) same location replicate services (servers) Multicast all of a group of interfaces replaces IPv4 broadcast See RFC
12 IPv4 vs. IPv6 Addresses IPv4: 32 bits 2 32 addresses = 4,294,967,296 addresses = 4 billion addresses addresses? IPv6: 128 bits = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,770,000,000 = 340 billion billion billion billion addresses? No, due to IPv6 address structure 12
13 IPv6 Address Presentation 128 bits 2001:0DA8:E800:0000:0260:3EFF:FE47: groups of 4 hexadecimal digits Each group represents 16 bits Separator is : Case-independent 13
14 IPv6 Address Presentation 2001:0DA8:E800:0000:0260:3EFF:FE47: :DA8:E800:0:260:3EFF:FE47:1 2001:0DA8:E800:0000:0000:0000:0000: :DA8:E800::1 14
15 Special Addresses Unspecified address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 :: Source add. (when own add. is unknown) Loopback address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 ::1 For testing Datagram is delivered to local machine 15
16 Unicast Address Scopes Global scope Start with 001 (binary) Link-local scope Only used within directly attached network 001 Prefix provided by service provider Belonging to FE80::/10 block Subnet ID Interface ID 64 0 (54 bits) Interface ID (64 bits) bits xxxxxxux 96 db c9 FF FE fe U = 0: not unique U = 1: unique 94 db c fe 16
17 Unicast Address Scopes Loopback address (::1/128) also has linklocal scope Tied to the host s loopback interface 17
18 Multicast Address Format Multicast addresses define groups of receivers Similar to IPv4 s class D addresses 8 bits bits flag scope Group ID 18
19 IPv6 header IPv6 header is simpler than IPv4 IPv4: 14 fields, variable length (20 bytes +) IPv6: 8 fields, fixed length (40 bytes) Header fields eliminated in IPv6 Header Length Identification Flag Fragmentation Offset Checksum Header fields enhanced in IPv6 Traffic Class Flow Label 19
20 Basic Headers IPv4 IPv6 20
21 Structure of Datagram Base Header Extensions TCP/UDP Data Base Header is fixed 40 Octets long Options are in an extension header Several extension headers 21
22 Basic Headers (Fields) Version (4 bits) only field to keep same position and name Class (8 bits) new field Flow Label (20 bits) new field Payload Length (16 bits) length of data, slightly different from total length Next Header (8 bits) type of the next header, new idea Hop Limit (8 bits) was time-to-live, renamed Source address (128 bits) Destination address (128 bits) 22
23 Header Simplification Fixed length of all fields, not like old options field IHL, or header length irrelevant Remove Header Checksum rely on checksums at other layers No hop-by-hop fragmentation done at hosts only (using Path MTU Discovery) Add extension headers next header type (sort of a protocol type, or replacement for options) Basic Principle: Routers along the way should do minimal processing 23
24 Extension Headers Types Routing Header Fragmentation Header Hop-by-Hop Options Header Destinations Options Header Authentication Header Encrypted Security Payload Header Base Header Extensions TCP/UDP Data 24
25 IPv6 Extension Headers Example 1: no extension header Next header = 6 (TCP) TCP hdr + payload Example 2: with a routing header Next header = 43 (routing) Next header = 6 (TCP) TCP hdr + payload 25
26 IPv6 Transition Dual stack hosts Two TCP/IP stacks co-exists on one host Supporting IPv4 and IPv6 Client uses whichever protocol it wishes 26
27 IPv6 Transition? IPv4 Application TCP/UDP IPv4 IPv6 Link IPv6 27
28 TCP/IP Protocol Stack Application Transport Network Network Application Transport Network Data Link Data Data Data Link Physical Phy Phy Physical 28
29 IPv6 Transition IPv6 tunnel over IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 Network tunnel IPv6 IPv4 Header IPv6 Header Data IPv6 Header Data IPv6 Header Data 29
30 Testing IPv
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