IPv4 exhaustion and Implications

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Alexandrina Logan
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1 IPv4 exhaustion and Implications ITU-UCC IPv4/IPv6 workshop Kampala, 5-9 December 2016 Alain Patrick AINA ITU Consultant

2 Layers Complex problems can be solved using the common divide and conquer principle. In this case the internals of the Interconnection are divided into separate layers. Makes it easier to understand Developments in one layer need not require changes in another layer Easy formation (and quick testing of conformation to) standards Two main models of layers are used: OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) TCP/IP

3 OSI Model

4 OSI Conceptual model composed of seven layers, developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in Layer 7 Application (servers and clients etc web browsers, httpd) Layer 6 Presentation (file formats e.g pdf, ASCII, jpeg etc) Layer 5 Session (conversation initialisation, termination, ) Layer 4 Transport (inter host comm error correction, QOS) Layer 3 Network (routing path determination, IP[x] addresses etc) Layer 2 Data link (switching media acces, MAC addresses etc) Layer 1 Physical (signalling representation of binary digits) Acronym: All People Seem To Need Data Processing

5 TCP/IP Generally, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is described using three to five functional layers. We have chosen the common DoD reference model, which is also known as the Internet reference model. Process/Application Layer consists of applications and processes that use the network. Host-to-host transport layer provides end-to-end data delivery services. Internetwork layer defines the datagram and handles the routing of data. Network access layer consists of routines for accessing physical networks.

6 TCP/IP model the hourglass Browser MUA PING Video Player HTTP SMTP DNS RTSP TCP ICMP UDP WiFi IP Ethernet PPP Air :) Copper Fiber Pigeons

7 OSI and TCP/IP

8 Encapsulation & Decapsulation Lower layers add headers (and sometimes trailers) to upper layers packets Application Data Transport Header Data Network Header Header Transport Packet Header Data Data Link Header Header Header Network Packet Header Data Trailer Trailer

9 Frame, Datagram, Segment, Packet Different names for packets at different layers Ethernet (link layer) frame IP (network layer) datagram TCP (transport layer) segment Terminology is not strictly followed we often just use the term packet at any layer

10 Summary Networking is a problem approached in layers. OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers Each layer adds headers to the packet of the previous layer as the data leaves the machine (encapsulation) and the reverse occurs on the receiving host (decapsulation)

11 So what is an IPv4 address? 32 bit number (4 octet number) can be represented in lots of ways: B A2 7D

12 More to the structure Hierarchical Division in IP Address: Network Part (Prefix) describes which network Host Part (Host Address) describes which host on that network Network Mask Host Boundary can be anywhere used to be a multiple of 8 (/8, /16/, /24), but not usual today

13 IPv4 (... C At the beginning, predefine (Classes A, B, 127 classes A of machines classes B of machines classes C of 256 machines ( multicast ) addresses of class D The rest, ( 1/8) reserved for future use

14 Ø Inefficient IP addresses allocations o Consumption rate not under control o Prediction of exhaustion of classes B around 1995 Ø Routing table exponential growth o Allocation of classes C o Convergence time issue in DFZ o Powerful and expensive routers Ø L IETF introduced mid 90, Classless addressing ( Routing and CIDR (Classless Inter Domain Ø NAT designed to help IPv4

15 Sample Netmasks /17 (netmask ) /16 (netmask ) /26 (netmask )

16 Allocating IP address

17 IPv4 address space What is the status of each of the 256 /8s? - September 2016

issued? (Jan 1999 Sept 2016) https://www.nro.

18 IPv4 address space issued (RIRs TO CUSTOMERS) In terms of /8s, how much total space has each RIR issued? (Jan 1999 Sept 2016) - September 2016

19 IPv4 address space issued (RIRs TO CUSTOMERS) In terms of /8s, how much space did each RIR issue by year? - September 2016

Available IPv4 /8s in each RIR https://www.nro.

20 Available IPv4 /8s in each RIR - September 2016

21 IPv4 exhaustion!!! Organisation Date Statut Pool (/8)! IANA 03-Feb-2011 Exhausted APNIC 19-Avr-2011 Exhausted ! RIPE NCC 14-Sept-2012 Exhausted ! LACNIC 10-Juin-2014 Exhausted ARIN 24-Sept-2015 Exhausted AFRINIC 27-June-2018 Projection '! (12/04/2016)

IPv4 exhaustion implications Ø Use of Final Unallocated IPv4 Address Space o https://www.nro.

22 IPv4 exhaustion implications Ø Use of Final Unallocated IPv4 Address Space o Ø Use of IANA Recovered Address Space o Ø IANA Recovered pool to RIRs

23 Ø Inter RIR transfer of IPv4 and ASN o APNIC,ARIN,RIPE NCC o IPv4 second market Ø Intra-RIR v4 transfer o LACNIC o AFRINIC has policy proposal o Expected second market Ø Registered brokers/transfer Facilitators o o o brokers Ø IPv4 transfer discussions at APRICOT o IPv4 exhaustion implications makingendsmeet:ipv4exhaustionandthetransfermarket

24 IPv4 exhaustion implications Ø Change on IPv4 address semantics o More NAT o Ø Resource hijacking and fraudulent activities o Who is using my IPv4? Ø Increase in IPv6 uptake J

25 IPv4 transfers (APNIC)

26 IPv4 Transfers(ARIN) /04/2016

27 IPv4 Transfers (RIPE NCC) 12/04/2016

28 IPv4 Transfers (LACNIC) Prefix Country source Country destination /20 Argentina Trinidad and Tobago /18 Argentina Aruba /17 Panama Argentina /20, /21 Ecuador Ecuador Stats presented at AFRINIC-25

29 AFRINIC 12/04/2016

30 AFRINIC 12/04/2016

31 AFRINIC 12/04/2016

32 AFRINIC

33 IPv4 landing clear? Are you ready? Questions/Comments?

IP Basics Unix/IP Preparation Course June 29, 2010 Pago Pago, American Samoa

IP Basics Unix/IP Preparation Course June 29, 2010 Layers Complex problems can be solved using the common divide and conquer principle. In this case the internals of the Internet are divided into separate