Index. 2G mobile networks G mobile networks GPP network, see LTE networks

Transcription

1 Index 2G mobile networks G mobile networks GPP network, see LTE networks ACK, TCP 56, 58 9, 61 acknowledgement, see ACK, TCP AUC (Authentication Center) 194 bandwidth limit definition 16 bandwidth limit token buckets 108 bandwidth, scheduling tool 124 bandwidth, VOIP 71 BHT 71 Bit Torrent 78 blocking, VOIP 71 borders, trust 47 8, 51 3 BSC (Base Station Controller) 195, 196 BTS (Base Transceiver Station) 194, 197 buffers, queue 19 20, 153 buffer size buffers queuing tool 123 scheduling tool 123 burst size limit, token bucket 108, Busy Hour Traffic, see BHT case studies IP RAN and mobile backhaul VPLS CEIR (Central Equipment Identity Register) 195 cellification CIR/PIR model 15 16, 149 class of service, see COS classes of service definition 33 5 maximum number 95, classified packet definition 14 classifiers bits in QOS field 90 chain 14 deep packet inspection 92 3 definition granularity, maximum 100 IF/THEN rule 90 6 inbound interfaces 91 2 packet QOS markings 90 1 PHB 94 7 class type (CT) 98 coloring definition QOS-Enabled Networks: Tools and Foundations Miguel Barreiros and Peter Lundqvist 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN:

2 216 Index committed information rate, see CIR/PIR model congestion, TCP 60 2 congestion points, network 44 7 congestion window, TCP 59, 60 control traffic 50 3 core-facing interfaces 48 COS definition with queuing 35 8 counting Erlangs 71 credits, token bucket customer-facing interfaces 48 cwnd, TCP 59, 60, 154 deep packet inspection 92 3 deficit weighted round robin, see DWRR delay between adjacent routers 39 contributing factors definition 8 inserting 26 30, 39 IPTV 76 ITU-T G processing 40 propagation 39 serialization 39 VOIP 73 delay buffer 116 delay buffer length 116 DF bit 63 5 Differentiated Services, see DiffServ Differentiated Services Code Point, see DSCP DiffServ 5 DiffServ-TE 97 9 DNS and SIP 69, 70 Don t Fragment bit, see DF bit dropper, queue DSCP 91 DWRR credits 136 deficit counter 136 quantum scheduling example weight 136 dynamic memory allocation 153 EBGP 71 EIR (Equipment Identity Register) 195 enodeb EPC (Evolved Packet Core) Erlangs, counting 71 Erlang number 71 Ethernet User Priority field 90 VLAN tag stacking 90 eutran (evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) external Border Gateway Protocol, see EBGP fair queuing (FQ) benefits 130 limitations 130 fast recovery, TCP 61 FIFO (first in, first out) queuing FIFO (first in, first out) queuing benefits 128 FIFO (first in, first out) queuing limitations 128 Fragmentation needed but DF set error 64 fragmentation, datagram 70 G.711 codec 82 3 GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) 205 GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) Gnutella GPRS (Generic Packet Radio Service) 196

3 Index 217 granularity levels 91 GSM network GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) 198 GTP-C 198 GTP-U 198 guaranteed rate, see CIR/PIR model hard policing 16, 107 hierarchical scheduling with broadband services router and DSLAMS with overprovisioning HLR (Home Location Register) 195, 196 HTTP 57 HTTP, with SIP 69 Hypertext Transfer Protocol, see HTTP ICMP Fragmentation needed but DF set message 64 PMTU 65 IF/THEN rule with classifiers 90 6 definition 14 IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) 194 in-contract traffic Integrated Services, see IntServ interfaces core-facing 48 customer-facing 48 inbound 91 2 Internet Control Message Protocol, see ICMP Internet radio Internet video IntServ 5 IP RAN and mobile backhaul case study IPSec IPTV 74 7 buffers 76 classifying packets 95 delay 76 DSCP field 91, 99 ISO/IEC (ITU-T H220.0) 74 MPEG-2 74 MPEG-4 74 with MPLS Packed ID (PID) 74 packet sizes 76 precedence field 91 re-ordering of packets 76 RTP header 74 Streaming TV 75 TOS field 90 1 Transport Stream (TS) 74 VLAN 75 ISO/IEC ITU-T G ITU-T H jitter definition 8 inserting VOIP 73 Kazaa 82 L2TP wholesale 63 label-switched paths, see LSPs latency, see delay Layer 2 VPNs 169 Layer 3 VPNs 169 leaky buckets delay buffer 116 delay buffer length 116 LFI 41 Link Fragmentation and Interleaving, see LFI 4 local operation, QOS 30 1

4 218 Index loss, packet 7 LSPs 21 class type (CT) 98 establishing 98 LTE networks LTE traffic classes 207 MAD 153 maximum admissible rates, see CIR/PIR model Maximum Segment Size, see MSS Maximum Transmission Unit, see MTU ME (Mobile Equipment) 194 MED definition 6 metering MME (Mobility Management Entity) mobile backhaul 66 MP3 79 MPEG-2 74 MPEG-4 74 MPLS class type (CT) 98 classifying packets 95 6 DiffServ-TE 97 9 EXP field 90, 99 labels, stacking 90 LSPs, establishing 98 in VPLS case study 173 VPN-based 63 with IPv with Traffic Engineering (TE) 7, 97 8 MS (Mobile System) 194 MSC (Mobile Switching Center) 195, 196 MSS, TCP 59, 62 5 MTU 43 multi-exit discriminator, see MED Napster 82 NodeB 197, 201 non-real-time traffic 8, 10, 66 burst size limit and SIP 70 NTP 71 Nykvist theory out-of-contract traffic overprovisioning oversubscription 78 P2P applications 80 3 centralized model 82 Gnutella hybrid model 82 Kazaa 82 Napster 82 traffic 81 traffic, discovering 83 4 packet aging TCP 65 Packet ID, see PID packets, dropping voice 73 packets, dropping data 73 packets, dropping 8, 9, 10, 30 1 packet loss 90 1 packet QOS markings 59 path MTU, see PMTU PB-DWRR PB-DWRR benefits 145 limitations 146 scheduling examples in VPLS case study 181 PDN-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) PDNs (Packet Data Networks) 198 PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context 198

5 Index 219 peak information rate, see CIR/PIR model peer-to-peer file sharing, see P2P per-hop behavior, see PHB PHB x, 5 6 with classifiers 94 7 PID 74, 150 playback buffering determining 66 PMTU 62 5 PMTU RFC policing tool 16 17, 18 19, 24, , packet loss 30 1 hard 16, 107 soft 16 token buckets token buckets, bandwidth limit 108 token buckets, burst size limit 108, token buckets, credits 108 token buckets, dual rate token buckets, queue length 113 traffic bursts precedence field 91 priority-based deficit weighted round robin, see PB-DWRR priority queuing (PQ) benefits 132 limitations 132 priority, strict, see PB-DWRR processing delay 30 propagation delay 70 PSTN calculating bandwidth 70 counting Erlangs 71 Public Switched Telephone Network, see PSTN 135 QCI (QOS Class Identifier) 205 QOS policy, end to end quantum, DWRR definition queue buffers 19 20, 153 queue length queues buffers dropper 20 6 size 26 9 FIFO queuing and scheduling mechanisms deficit weighted round robin (DWRR) fair queuing (FQ) hierarchical scheduling priority-based deficit weighted round robin priority queuing (PQ) RED 155 7, weighted fair queuing (WFQ) weighted round robin WRED queuing tool bandwidth 124 buffers 123 cellification with classes of service 35 8 committed information congestion inserting delay inserting jitter packet aging 125 packet loss 30 1 tail drops 125 Radio Access Networks 193 Random Early Discard, see RED RANs 193 rates peak information guaranteed maximum admissible traffic bandwidth limit 16 shaping 17, 116 Real Time Protocol, see RTP

6 220 Index RTP 67 8 real-time traffic 8, 60 1, 66 8 burst size limit 113 streamed video encapsulated into IP 66 voice encapsulated into IP 66 RED description 154 TCP sessions head tail drops segmented profiles interpolated profiles reliability, TCP 55 Resource Reservation Protocol, see RSVP 30 resources, definition 4 resource signaling, QOS definition 21 2 rewrite tool 64 RFC RFC RFC RFC RFC RFC RFC RFC RFC RFC RFC RNC (Radio Network Controller) 197 RSVP 67 8 RTP IPTV 74 packet sizes 68 RFC RTPC 67 Sequence Number 67 Synchronization Source Identifier 67 Timestamp 67 Type 67 RTP Control Protocol, see RTCP RTPC RTT, see real-time traffic SACK, TCP 20 1, 123 6, 161 scheduling tool bandwidth 124 buffers 123 congestion hierarchical scheduling inserting delay inserting jitter jumps 29 packet aging 125 servicing queues 26 8 tail drops 125 SCP 58 SDP Second Generation mobile networks, see 2G mobile networks Secure Shell Copy, see SCP segment, TCP 56 Select Acknowledgement, see SACK sequence number, TCP 30 Session Description Protocol, see SDP Session Initiation Protocol, see SIP sessions, TCP 17 19, duration 77 8 establishing Internet radio Internet Video long-lasting 77 8 playback buffering 79 RED short-lived 77 8 synchronization 155 three-way handshake 58 9 SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) 196 8

7 Index 221 S-GW (Serving Gateway) shaping tool inserting jitter inserting delay leaky buckets packet loss 30 1 oversubscription SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) 194 SIP 58 9 DNS 69, 70 G.711 codec 70 HTTP 69 NTP 70 RFC SDP slow start, TCP 16 soft policing 66 streamed video encapsulated into IP real-time traffic 75 streaming TV 58 9 strict-high priority, see PB-DWRR SYN, TCP 60 1 SYN-ACK, TCP Tahoe implementation, TCP 20, 37, 125 tail drops 10, 55 65, 154 TCP ACK 56, 58 9, 61 characteristics 56 congestion 60 2 congestion window (cwnd) 59, 60 fast recovery 61 MSS 59 MTU 59, 62 5 PMTU 62 5 reliability 57 Renu implementation 60 1 SACK 62 segment 56 sequence number 56 sessions slow start 60 SYN 58 9 SYN-ACK 58 9 Tahoe implementation 60 1 window size 59 TE, see MPLS with Traffic Engineering three-way handshake, TCP token buckets aggregate bucket 115 bandwidth limit 108 burst size limit 108, classifier credits dual rate premium bucket 115 queue length 113 tools coloring metering policer 16 17, queue scheduler shaper rewrite in contract traffic control 50 3 out of contract oversubscription traffic bursts, policing traffic classes LTE 207 UMTS 206 Traffic Engineering, see MPLS with Traffic Engineering Transmission Control Protocol, see TCP Transport Stream, see TS trust borders 47 8, 51 3, TS 74 TS specification 205 TS specification 205 Type of Service field, see TOS field

8 222 Index UDP 9, 10 UE (User Equipment) 205 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) 197 UMTS traffic classes 206 User Datagram Protocol, see UDP User Priority field 90 user sessions, see sessions, TCP 9 Video on Demand, see IPTV Virtual Private Networks, see VPNs VLAN User Priority field 75 VLAN-tagged Ethernet VLAN tags, stacking 90 VLAN-tagged Ethernet 90 VLR (Visitor Location Register) 195, 196 VOD, see IPTV voice applications 9 voice encapsulated into IP real-time traffic 66 Voice over IP, see VOIP 8, VOIP bandwidth 71 bandwidth, calculating 71 4 BHT 71 blocking 71 delay 73 Erlang number 71 jitter 73 SIP VPLS case study bandwidth reservations classes of service 168, mesh groups MPLS-TE 173 multicast traffic packet classification queuing and scheduling mechanisms 181 rewrite rules topology 170 tracing packets trust borders VPNs weighted fair queuing, see WFQ Weighted Random Early Discard, see WRED weighted round robin, see WRR WFQ benefits 133 limitations 133 wholesale L2TP 59 window size, TCP 62 5 World Wide Web, see WWW WRED WRR benefits 135 limitations 135 WWW 77