Bringing C and C++ Games to Android

Transcription

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2 Bringing C and C++ Games to Android Ian Ni-Lewis Dan Galpin Game Developer Advocates May, Feedback: #Android

3 About This Talk Audience C/C++ Developers Android background Game development experience No prior NDK knowledge needed Agenda Programming Android in C/C++? Using the NDK Bringing your game to Android Troubleshooting, tips, and tricks Best practices 3

4 Programming Android in C/C++? Native development on phones, tablets, and beyond 4

5 The NDK Provides Support for C/C++ Development NDK = Native Development Kit Scenarios: Reuse existing libraries Accelerate key subroutines Access VFP and NEON Port entire games C++ 5

6 What s in the Box? Toolchain Standard gcc cross-compilers Really fancy build system Primarily written in GNU make Based on Android platform build system Headers and libraries C and C++ runtimes Stable system interface 6

7 Why are Headers and Libraries So Important? Application Code Framework Classes JNI System Libraries Runtime Linux Kernel 7

8 Why are Headers and Libraries So Important? Application Code Framework Classes JNI Runtime System Libraries Linux Kernel 7

9 Why are Headers and Libraries So Important? Application Code Framework Classes JNI Your Libraries Runtime System Libraries Linux Kernel 7

10 Why are Headers and Libraries So Important? Application Code Framework Classes JNI Your Libraries Runtime System Libraries Linux Kernel 7

11 Why are Headers and Libraries So Important? Application Code Framework Classes JNI Your Libraries Runtime System Libraries Linux Kernel 7

12 Why are Headers and Libraries So Important? Application Code Framework Classes JNI Your Libraries Runtime Stable ABI System Libraries Linux Kernel 7

13 Feature C runtime C++ runtime Math Dynamic Linking Logging Zlib compression OpenGL ES 1.1 OpenGL ES 2.0 Library libc libstdc++ libm libdl liblog libz libglesv1_cm libglesv2 8

14 Feature C runtime C++ runtime Math Dynamic Linking Logging Zlib compression OpenGL ES 1.1 OpenGL ES 2.0 JNI Graphics Library libc libstdc++ libm libdl liblog libz libglesv1_cm libglesv2 libjnigraphics 8

15 Feature C runtime C++ runtime Math Dynamic Linking Logging Zlib compression OpenGL ES 1.1 OpenGL ES 2.0 JNI Graphics EGL OpenSL ES Native framework / NativeActivity) Library libc libstdc++ libm libdl liblog libz libglesv1_cm libglesv2 libjnigraphics libegl libopensles libandroid 8

16 What the NDK is Not Not the end of Dalvik Not always higher performance Not necessarily the right choice for every game 9

17 Dalvik vs. C++ Easily Extensible Android API Access Flexible Fast! Automatic Memory Management Common on Other Platforms Low-Level C++ 10

18 How to Use the NDK 11

19 Installing the NDK Download NDK from developer.android.com/sdk/ndk Add NDK folder to your path Install Java JDK Install Ant Windows: Install Cygwin Required for debugger Recommended for build scripts 12

20 Development Flow Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug 13

21 Development Flow: Project Setup Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Run!"#$%&#'($)!*)'+$%,)(* Ant script Common directories Resources Per-machine settings OR!"#$%&#'-+#!*)'+$%,)(* Write JNI glue For existing code Build / Deploy Debug 14

22 Development Flow: Project Setup Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Run!"#$%&#'($)!*)'+$%,)(* Ant script Common directories Resources Per-machine settings OR!"#$%&#'-+#!*)'+$%,)(* Write JNI glue For existing code Build / Deploy Created by!"#$%&#'($)!*)'+$%,)(* Debug 14

23 Development Flow: Project Setup Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Run!"#$%&#'($)!*)'+$%,)(* Ant script Common directories Resources Per-machine settings OR!"#$%&#'-+#!*)'+$%,)(* Write JNI glue For existing code Build / Deploy Debug 15

24 Development Flow: Project Setup Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Run!"#$%&#'($)!*)'+$%,)(* Ant script Common directories Resources Per-machine settings OR!"#$%&#'-+#!*)'+$%,)(* Write JNI glue For existing code Build / Deploy Created Manually Debug 15

25 Development Flow: Makefiles Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug 16

26 Development Flow: Makefiles Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes!"#$!%&$'()*+,-./ Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug 16

27 Development Flow: Makefiles Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes!"#$!%&$'()*+,-./ Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug $&&%&<"P;#'%&$'(+)*+,-./ QL6IE:.R $&&%?"@A!;>++++++)*+05BC0DE85 $&&%"&'J? )*+4:B9C $&&%$MJ )*+/61:/B5+/61:/B53NS/ APP_STL := gnustl_static 16

28 Development Flow: Makefiles Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes!"#$!%&$'()*+,-./ Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug $&&%&<"P;#'%&$'(+)*+,-./ QL6IE:.R $&&%?"@A!;>++++++)*+05BC0DE85 $&&%"&'J? )*+4:B9C $&&%$MJ )*+/61:/B5+/61:/B53NS/ APP_STL := gnustl_static 16

29 Development Flow: Interface Classes Set up project Write makefiles Write interface in Java Use "!*&.) keyword L/.T/C:+.I1K/846I54KC0DE85U QQ+H6/LL:6+VI6+8/R5N:+05B6/62 Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug L9B05.+.0/WW+G!DPXJ!5B+:YR:84W+$.R5N5R2+Z ++WR/R5.+Z ++++>2WR:1K0I/4!5B6/62-[C0DE85[7U ++\ ++Q]] +++]+^L/6/1+_54R`+R`:+.966:8R+N5:_+_54R` +++]+^L/6/1+`:5C`R+R`:+.966:8R+N5:_+`:5C`R +++]Q +++L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U +++L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U \ 17

30 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug 18

31 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug 18

32 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug b58.094:+ce85k`d Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4) R++++>5C8/R96:)+-JJ7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%585R ++-PXJ;8N+]a+EIBE:.Ra+E58Ra+E58R7U Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4)++++WR:L++++>5C8/R96:)+-7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%WR:L ++-PXJ;8N+]a+E.0/WW7U 18

33 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug b58.094:+ce85k`d Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4) R++++>5C8/R96:)+-JJ7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%585R ++-PXJ;8N+]a+EIBE:.Ra+E58Ra+E58R7U Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4)++++WR:L++++>5C8/R96:)+-7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%WR:L ++-PXJ;8N+]a+E.0/WW7U 18

34 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug b58.094:+ce85k`d Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4) R++++>5C8/R96:)+-JJ7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%585R ++-PXJ;8N+]a+EIBE:.Ra+E58Ra+E58R7U Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4)++++WR:L++++>5C8/R96:)+-7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%WR:L ++-PXJ;8N+]a+E.0/WW7U 18

35 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug b58.094:+ce85k`d Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4) R++++>5C8/R96:)+-JJ7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%585R ++-PXJ;8N+]a+EIBE:.Ra+E58Ra+E58R7U Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4)++++WR:L++++>5C8/R96:)+-7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%WR:L ++-PXJ;8N+]a+E.0/WW7U 18

36 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug b58.094:+ce85k`d Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4) R++++>5C8/R96:)+-JJ7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%585R ++-PXJ;8N+]a+EIBE:.Ra+E58Ra+E58R7U Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4)++++WR:L++++>5C8/R96:)+-7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%WR:L ++-PXJ;8N+]a+E.0/WW7U 18

37 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug b58.094:+ce85k`d Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4) R++++>5C8/R96:)+-JJ7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%585R ++-PXJ;8N+]a+EIBE:.Ra+E58Ra+E58R7U Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4)++++WR:L++++>5C8/R96:)+-7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%WR:L ++-PXJ;8N+]a+E.0/WW7U 18

38 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug b58.094:+ce85k`d Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4) R++++>5C8/R96:)+-JJ7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%585R ++-PXJ;8N+]a+EIBE:.Ra+E58Ra+E58R7U Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4)++++WR:L++++>5C8/R96:)+-7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%WR:L ++-PXJ;8N+]a+E.0/WW7U 18

39 Development Flow: JNI Glue Set up project Generate with javah tool /,!.!0'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Eclipse: Source Generate C files from Java class Write makefiles L9B05.+8/R5N:+NI54+585R-58R+_54R`a+58R+`:5C`R7U L9B05.+WR/R5.+8/R5N:+NI54+WR:L-7U Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug b58.094:+ce85k`d Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4) R++++>5C8/R96:)+-JJ7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%585R ++-PXJ;8N+]a+EIBE:.Ra+E58Ra+E58R7U Q] +]+#0/WW)+++++.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B +]+?:R`I4)++++WR:L++++>5C8/R96:)+-7= +]Q PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%WR:L ++-PXJ;8N+]a+E.0/WW7U 18

40 Development Flow: JNI Glue with Manual Registration Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes WR/R5.+PXJX/R5N:?:R`I4+C?:R`I4Wfg+*+Z ++Z+[585R[a+[-JJ7=[a+-NI54]7+8/R5N:G/1:J85R+\a+ ++Z+[WR:L[a+[-7=[a+-NI54]7+8/R5N:>R:L+\ \U Get native signatures from class file with javap -s /,!.!+'<='<+$&.!*)'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug 19

41 Development Flow: JNI Glue with Manual Registration Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy WR/R5.+PXJX/R5N:?:R`I4+C?:R`I4Wfg+*+Z ++Z+[585R[a+[-JJ7=[a+-NI54]7+8/R5N:G/1:J85R+\a+ ++Z+[WR:L[a+[-7=[a+-NI54]7+8/R5N:>R:L+\ \U Get ++.`/6]+.0/WWX/1:+*+[.I1Q/846I54QC0DE85QG!DPXJ!5B[U native signatures from class file with javap -s / ++E.0/WW+.0/hh+*+:8N3dF584#0/WW-.0/WWX/1:7U,!.!+'<='<+$&.!*)'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; ++5V+-.0/hh+**+XA!!7+Z ++++%%/846I54%0IC%L658R-$X@<"J@%!"G%;<<"<a+[$_:WI1:G/1:[a [X/R5N:+6:C5WR6/R5I8+98/B0:+RI+V584+.0/WW+ijWik8[a+.0/WWX/1:7U ++6:R968+PXJ%F$!>;U ++\ ++5V+-:8N3d<:C5WR:6X/R5N:W-.0/hha+C?:R`I4Wa+891?:R`I4W7+c+l7+Z + %%/846I54%0IC%L658R-$X@<"J@%!"G%;<<"<a+[$_:WI1:G/1:[a + ++[<:C5WR:6X/R5N:W+V/50:4+VI6+ijWik8[a+.0/WWX/1:7U ++6:R968+PXJ%F$!>;U ++\ Debug 19

42 Development Flow: JNI Glue with Manual Registration Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy WR/R5.+PXJX/R5N:?:R`I4+C?:R`I4Wfg+*+Z ++Z+[585R[a+[-JJ7=[a+-NI54]7+8/R5N:G/1:J85R+\a+ ++Z+[WR:L[a+[-7=[a+-NI54]7+8/R5N:>R:L+\ \U Get ++.`/6]+.0/WWX/1:+*+[.I1Q/846I54QC0DE85QG!DPXJ!5B[U native signatures from class file with javap -s / ++E.0/WW+.0/hh+*+:8N3dF584#0/WW-.0/WWX/1:7U,!.!+'<='<+$&.!*)'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; ++5V+-.0/hh+**+XA!!7+Z ++++%%/846I54%0IC%L658R-$X@<"J@%!"G%;<<"<a+[$_:WI1:G/1:[a [X/R5N:+6:C5WR6/R5I8+98/B0:+RI+V584+.0/WW+ijWik8[a+.0/WWX/1:7U ++6:R968+PXJ%F$!>;U ++\ ++5V+-:8N3d<:C5WR:6X/R5N:W-.0/hha+C?:R`I4Wa+891?:R`I4W7+c+l7+Z + %%/846I54%0IC%L658R-$X@<"J@%!"G%;<<"<a+[$_:WI1:G/1:[a + ++[<:C5WR:6X/R5N:W+V/50:4+VI6+ijWik8[a+.0/WWX/1:7U ++6:R968+PXJ%F$!>;U ++\ Debug 19

43 Development Flow: JNI Glue with Manual Registration Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Write JNI glue Build / Deploy WR/R5.+PXJX/R5N:?:R`I4+C?:R`I4Wfg+*+Z ++Z+[585R[a+[-JJ7=[a+-NI54]7+8/R5N:G/1:J85R+\a+ ++Z+[WR:L[a+[-7=[a+-NI54]7+8/R5N:>R:L+\ \U Get ++.`/6]+.0/WWX/1:+*+[.I1Q/846I54QC0DE85QG!DPXJ!5B[U native signatures from class file with javap -s / ++E.0/WW+.0/hh+*+:8N3dF584#0/WW-.0/WWX/1:7U,!.!+'<='<+$&.!*)'(%12!"#$%&#2345,"&267589:7&; ++5V+-.0/hh+**+XA!!7+Z ++++%%/846I54%0IC%L658R-$X@<"J@%!"G%;<<"<a+[$_:WI1:G/1:[a [X/R5N:+6:C5WR6/R5I8+98/B0:+RI+V584+.0/WW+ijWik8[a+.0/WWX/1:7U ++6:R968+PXJ%F$!>;U ++\ ++5V+-:8N3d<:C5WR:6X/R5N:W-.0/hha+C?:R`I4Wa+891?:R`I4W7+c+l7+Z + %%/846I54%0IC%L658R-$X@<"J@%!"G%;<<"<a+[$_:WI1:G/1:[a + ++[<:C5WR:6X/R5N:W+V/50:4+VI6+ijWik8[a+.0/WWX/1:7U ++6:R968+PXJ%F$!>;U ++\ Debug 19

44 Development Flow: Calling Dalvik Code Within C/C++ Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Write JNI glue PXJ;e&"<'+NI54+PXJ#$!!+P/N/%.I1%/846I54%C0DE85%G!DPXJ!5B%585R ++-PXJ;8N+]LPXJ;8Na+EIBE:.R+IBEa+E58R+/a+E58R+B7+Z ++E.0/WW+.0W+*+-]LPXJ;8N73dG:R"BE:.R#0/WW-LPXJ;8Na+IBE7U LPXJ;8Na+.0Wa+[R/T:m:2;N:8RW[a+[-n7=[7U ++-]LPXJ;8N73d#/00=I54?:R`I4-LPXJ;8Na+IBEa+54a+PXJ%'<A;7U \ Build / Deploy Debug 20

45 Development Flow: Build and Deploy Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Builds C libraries and emits.so files >'!"*'#);-3 (or ant release) Builds Java classes, apk package >'!"*'&"=*!44 Write JNI glue Deploys to emulator or device Build / Deploy Debug 21

46 Development Flow: Debug Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Sanity checks your setup Starts gdbserver on device, opens named pipe Forwards pipe to socket on host Starts gdb client on host, connects to socket Device Host Write JNI glue Build / Deploy Debug 22

47 Development Flow: Debug Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Sanity checks your setup Starts gdbserver on device, opens named pipe Forwards pipe to socket on host Starts gdb client on host, connects to socket Device Host Write JNI glue application Build / Deploy gdbserver Debug 22

48 Development Flow: Debug Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Sanity checks your setup Starts gdbserver on device, opens named pipe Forwards pipe to socket on host Starts gdb client on host, connects to socket Device Host Write JNI glue Build / Deploy application gdbserver gdb-rsp over named pipe gdb Debug 22

49 Development Flow: Debug Set up project Write makefiles Write interface classes Sanity checks your setup Starts gdbserver on device, opens named pipe Forwards pipe to socket on host Starts gdb client on host, connects to socket Write JNI glue Device Eclipse/VS Host application gdb-mi Build / Deploy gdbserver gdb-rsp over named pipe gdb Debug 22

50 Important Tip: B);-3'%"'6&"3)$;$)!#'J 23

51 Bringing Your Game to Android 24

52 Devices Accessing Android Market Android 2.3 Android Android 3.0 Android 1.5 Android 2.2 (Froyo) Android 1.6 Android 2.1 (Eclair) Two Week Period, Published May

53 Devices Accessing Android Market Great uptake for Android 2.2 In ten months, 65.9% of devices checking in to Market running Froyo 94.7% of devices running Android 2.1 or higher Android 2.2 (Froyo) Android 2.1 (Eclair) 25

54 Devices Accessing Android Market Great uptake for Android 2.2 In ten months, 65.9% of devices checking in to Market running Froyo 94.7% of devices running Android 2.1 or higher NativeActivity is just starting 4.3% of checking-in devices can utilize it For non-tablet-specific titles, we can take advantage of NativeActivity without becoming incompatible Android 2.2 (Froyo) Android 2.1 (Eclair) 25

55 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Platform-specific resources can be used to define boolean values activities can be enabled based upon these values 26

56 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Platform-specific resources can be used to define boolean values activities can be enabled based upon these values Platform-specific Resources 26

57 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Platform-specific resources can be used to define boolean values activities can be enabled based upon these values coy10+n:6w5i8*[pkl[+:8.i458c*[9rv3q[od c6:wi96.:wd ++++cbii0+8/1:*[/r!:/wrg58c:6b6:/4[dv/0w:cqbii0d ++++cbii0+8/1:*[8irg58c:6b6:/4[dr69:cqbii0d cq6:wi96.:wd coy10+n:6w5i8*[pkl[+:8.i458c*[9rv3q[od c6:wi96.:wd ++++cbii0+8/1:*[/r!:/wrg58c:6b6:/4[dr69:cqbii0d ++++cbii0+8/1:*[8irg58c:6b6:/4[dv/0w:cqbii0d cq6:wi96.:wd 27

58 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Platform-specific resources can be used to define boolean values activities can be enabled based upon these values c/.r5n5r2+/846i54)8/1:*[k>$x/r5n:$.r5n5r2[ +++/846I54):8/B0:4*[^BII0Q/R!:/WRG58C:6B6:/4[d ++c1:r/34/r/+/846i54)8/1:*[/846i54k/llk05b%8/1:[ +++++/846I54)N/09:*[W/8/R5N:[+Qd c58r:8r3v50r:6d ++++c/.r5i8+/846i54)8/1:*[/846i54k58r:8rk/.r5i8k?$jx[qd ++++c./r:ci62+/846i54)8/1:*[/846i54k58r:8rk./r:ci62k!$ax#(;<[qd ++cq58r:8r3v50r:6d cq/.r5n5r2d +++/846I54):8/B0:4*[^BII0Q8IRG58C:6B6:/4[d ++c58r:8r3v50r:6d ++++c/.r5i8+/846i54)8/1:*[/846i54k58r:8rk/.r5i8k?$jx[qd ++++c./r:ci62+/846i54)8/1:*[/846i54k58r:8rk./r:ci62k!$ax#(;<[qd ++cq58r:8r3v50r:6d cq/.r5n5r2d 28

59 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries create stub libraries as interfaces to your game engine 29

60 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries create stub libraries as interfaces to your game engine )*+,-./

61 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries create stub libraries as interfaces to your game engine )*+,-./ $&&%&!$'F"<?+)*+/846I543r $&&%"&'J?+)*+6:0:/W: $&&%$MJ+)*+/61:/B5+/61:/B53NS/ 29

62 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries create stub libraries as interfaces to your game engine )*+,-./ $&&%&!$'F"<?+)*+/846I543r $&&%"&'J?+)*+6:0:/W: $&&%$MJ+)*+/61:/B5+/61:/B53NS/ 29

63 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries create stub libraries as interfaces to your game engine )*+,-./ $&&%&!$'F"<?+)*+/846I543r $&&%"&'J?+)*+6:0:/W: $&&%$MJ+)*+/61:/B5+/61:/B53NS/ 29

64 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries create stub libraries as interfaces to your game engine )*+,-./ $&&%&!$'F"<?+)*+/846I543r $&&%"&'J?+)*+6:0:/W: $&&%$MJ+)*+/61:/B5+/61:/B53NS/ 29

65 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic Libraries create multiple libraries as interfaces to your game engine 30

66 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic Libraries!"#$!%&$'(+ )*+,-./ )*+W/8/8C:0:W create multiple libraries as interfaces to your game engine 30

67 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic Libraries!"#$!%&$'(+ )*+,-./ )*+W/8/8C:0:W create multiple libraries as interfaces to your game engine!"#$!%&$'(+ )*+,-./ )*+C09R50WK.+k + /LL3/846I5438/R5N:K.!"#$!%!@!JM>+)*+30G!;>ND IC+30;G!+30/846I54!"#$!%>'$'J#%!JM<$<J;>+ )*+/846I54%8/R5N:%/LL%C09:!"#$!%>($<;@%!JM<$<J;>+ )*+W/8/8C:0:W :+,-MAJ!@%>($<;@%!JM<$<O7,-./00+51LI6R31I490:a/846I54Q8/R5N:%/LL%C09:7 30

68 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries the third library must be loaded manually before the native activity library we can extend NativeActivity to do this 31

69 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries the third library must be loaded manually before the native activity library we can extend NativeActivity to do this L/.T/C:+.I1K:Y/1L0:KW/8/8C:0:WU L9B05.+.0/WW+>$X/R5N:$.R5N5R2+:YR:84W+ /846I54K/LLKX/R5N:$.R5N5R2+Z ++++WR/R5.+Z >2WR:1K0I/4!5B6/62-[W/8/8C:0:W[7U ++++\ \ 31

70 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries the third library must be loaded manually before the native activity library we can extend NativeActivity to do this with our JNI-based class, we load in order 32

71 Using NativeActivity Compatibly Dynamic libraries the third library must be loaded manually before the native activity library we can extend NativeActivity to do this with our JNI-based class, we load in order L/.T/C:+.I1K:Y/1L0:KW/8/8C:0:WU /846I54K/LLK$.R5N5R2+Z ++++WR/R5.+Z >2WR:1K0I/4!5B6/62-[W/8/8C:0:W[7U >2WR:1K0I/4!5B6/62-[W/E85[7U ++++\ KKK 32

72 Key Game Components Lifecycle Input Assets Graphics Sound 33

73 Lifecycle Activity Lifecycle

74 Lifecycle Activity Lifecycle Activity Starts oncreate() onstart() onresume() Activity is Running

75 Lifecycle Activity Lifecycle Activity Starts oncreate() onstart() onresume() Activity is Running Another activity comes in front of the activity onpause() The activity is no longer visible onstop() ondestroy() Activity is Shut Down

76 Lifecycle Activity Lifecycle Activity Starts oncreate() onstart() onrestart() onresume() Activity is Running Another activity comes in front of the activity The activity comes to the foreground onpause() The activity is no longer visible onstop() ondestroy() Activity is Shut Down

77 Lifecycle Activity Lifecycle Activity Starts oncreate() onstart() onrestart() onresume() Activity is Running Another activity comes in front of the activity onpause() The activity comes to the foreground The activity comes to the foreground The activity is no longer visible onstop() ondestroy() Activity is Shut Down

78 Lifecycle Activity Lifecycle Activity Starts oncreate() User navigates back to the activity onstart() onrestart() Process is Killed onresume() Other applications need memory Activity is Running Another activity comes in front of the activity onpause() The activity comes to the foreground The activity comes to the foreground The activity is no longer visible onstop() ondestroy() Activity is Shut Down

79 Lifecycle Activity Lifecycle Activity Starts oncreate() User navigates back to the activity onstart() onrestart() Process is Killed onresume() Other applications need memory Activity is Running Another activity comes in front of the activity onpause() The activity comes to the foreground The activity comes to the foreground The activity is no longer visible onstop() ondestroy() Activity is Shut Down

80 Lifecycle Process Lifecycle Android keeps application processes around for as long as possible Even when the activity is closed with V585W`-7 or the back key is pressed The foreground activity process is considered the most important It can still be killed as a last resort Visible activities are also given high priority Backgrounded activities are considered less important Processes with no active activities are killed first

81 Lifecycle Implications of the Process Lifecycle Be careful with static initializers Your library cannot be unloaded while your process is active Don t assume that your static initializers will be run when your activity is created Be careful with threads Threads are tied to the process, not the activity Your threads will continue to run at reduced priority even if your activity is backgrounded or destroyed Gameplay should stop during onpause It might make sense to keep certain threads running - your activity may still be visible Make sure all native code is cleaned up during ondestroy Users expect that your application will no longer be active when its activity is destroyed

82 Input The Basics Key handling Your device most likely has capacitive buttons Look for complete state transitions of Avoid overriding 45WL/R.`m:2;N:8R Use I8m:2?90R5L0:/I8m:2!I8C&6:WW Keep your game behaving like an Android application Touch/Multitouch handling With I8'I9.`;N:8R take advantage of built-in gesture processing use and Most devices now support multitouch determine if your device can track distinct points 37

83 Input Other Input Trackball handling With I8'6/.TB/00;N:8R Unhandled events turn into dpad events Motion handling With I8>:8WI6#`/8C:4 Must be registered with the >:8WI6?/8/C:6 Disable unneeded sensors, especially when paused Active sensors will quickly drain the battery 38

84 Input Androidify Your Game! Don t break the hard buttons Back: dismiss dialogs, exit menus, pause the game Menu: pause, launch options dialog Home: pause (not quit!) Don t break the volume buttons Don t eat volume button messages s W:R=I091:#I8R6I0>R6:/1-$945I?/8/C:6K>'<;$?%?A>J#7 Don t let the hard buttons break your game Very easy to press accidentally on some devices Pause and give user the option to exit when back is pressed Save game state whenever possible onpause/onstop 39

85 Input Androidify Your Game! Don t break the hard buttons Back: dismiss dialogs, exit menus, pause the game Menu: pause, launch options dialog Home: pause (not quit!) Don t break the volume buttons Don t eat volume button messages s W:R=I091:#I8R6I0>R6:/1-$945I?/8/C:6K>'<;$?%?A>J#7 Don t let the hard buttons break your game Very easy to press accidentally on some devices Pause and give user the option to exit when back is pressed Save game state whenever possible onpause/onstop 39

86 Graphics OpenGL GLSurfaceView Creates the compatible context Contexts are shared between native code and Dalvik Creates a rendering thread Releases the context during onpause Not the most efficient way to multitask with OpenGL, but it avoids some driver issues When context is lost Reload resources Textures Buffer objects Shaders Names don t persist 40

87 Graphics Texture Formats Android encourages innovation in hardware Chipset vendors use several kinds of proprietary texture compression formats OpenGL ES supports multiple compressed formats, none mandatory Solutions Uncompressed Textures Use ETC1 broad support in 2.0 Optimized around photographic data No Alpha Use Multi-APK (coming soon) Put textures on an asset server Detect support at runtime Download to each device 41

88 Graphics Drawing for Performance Draw order is important Has no impact on some platforms, means everything on others Draw front to back to make best use of early rejects Use VBOs Avoid unnecessary state changes Textures Use power of 2 sized textures It can be very slow On some chipsets not all address modes work! 42

89 Graphics Writing Compatible Shaders Query, query Make sure to query for number of attributes, varying, and uniforms supported Varies between devices Not respecting will make your application crash!! Supported does not mean performs well Conditions Avoid as much as possible if necessary, put them last in the shader Use mix(), clamp(), etc to create the same result discard() Avoid discard() if necessary it should be last 43

90 Sound Audio Solutions Full track audio s?:45/&0/2:6 Plays multiple formats with codec support Plays from filesystem or from network Has high latency, memory, and CPU usage for quick sound effects Sound effects and clips s >I984&II0 Plays multiple formats with codec support Preloads audio files to a pool Plays them with low latency 44

91 Sound Audio Solutions Application-generated audio s $945I'6/.T Plays PCM audio only with minimal latency Useful for applications that wish to perform sound processing or mixing OpenSL/ES Combines capabilities of?:45/&0/2:6 and $945I'6/.T Available only in the NDK Requires Android 2.3 and higher 45

92 Assets The JNI Solution Get the APK file name Use the asset manager code to get an AssetFileDescriptor s /V4+*+.I8R:YRKC:R$WW:RW-7KIL:8F4-['IIR`2@6I54KL8C[7U Read the offset and length from the AssetFileDescriptor s 0I8C+IVVW:R+*+/V4KC:R>R/6R"VVW:R-7U 0I8C+0:8CR`+*+/V4KC:R@:.0/6:4!:8CR`-7U /V4K.0IW:-7U Open the APK file at the specified offset and read the specified length 46

93 Assets The JNI Solution Get Use the a APK native file Zip name Utility s.i8r:yrkc:r$ll05./r5i8j8vi-7kwi96.:@56 Slightly less future-proof Use Potentially the asset faster manager code to get an AssetFileDescriptor s /V4+*+.I8R:YRKC:R$WW:RW-7KIL:8F4-['IIR`2@6I54KL8C[7U Make sure to cache the Zip directory Get the offset and length if the item isn t compressed Read the offset and length from the AssetFileDescriptor s 0I8C+IVVW:R+*+/V4KC:R>R/6R"VVW:R-7U 0I8C+0:8CR`+*+/V4KC:R@:.0/6:4!:8CR`-7U /V4K.0IW:-7U Open the APK file at the specified offset and read the specified length 46

94 Assets The JNI Solution Get Use the a APK native file Zip name Utility s.i8r:yrkc:r$ll05./r5i8j8vi-7kwi96.:@56 Slightly less future-proof Use Potentially the asset faster manager code to get an AssetFileDescriptor s /V4+*+.I8R:YRKC:R$WW:RW-7KIL:8F4-['IIR`2@6I54KL8C[7U Make sure to cache the Zip directory Get the offset and length if the item isn t compressed Read the offset and length from the AssetFileDescriptor Use native AssetManager s 0I8C+IVVW:R+*+/V4KC:R>R/6R"VVW:R-7U 0I8C+0:8CR`+*+/V4KC:R@:.0/6:4!:8CR`-7U Gingerbread and Beyond /V4K.0IW:-7U Open the APK file at the specified offset and read the specified length 46

95 Troubleshooting, Tips, and Tricks Targeting tricky, trying tasks 47

96 Troubleshooting: Threading, Dalvik, and the NDK Problem: App crashes mysteriously Solution: Check your threading JNI contexts are per-thread Activity Framework Class JNI Context Main UI Loop Game Loop 48

97 Troubleshooting: Threading, Dalvik, and the NDK Problem: App crashes mysteriously Solution: Check your threading JNI contexts are per-thread Activity Framework Class JNI Context Main UI Loop Game Loop 48

98 Troubleshooting: Threading, Dalvik, and the NDK Problem: App crashes mysteriously Solution: Check your threading JNI contexts are per-thread Activity Framework Class JNI Context Main UI Loop Game Loop 48

99 Threading Options One JNI Context Per Thread Activity Framework Class Activity Framework Class JNI Context 1 JNI Context 2 OR JNI Context 1 Main UI loop Game loop Main UI loop Game loop 49

100 Troubleshooting: Performance Check for older hardware: ARM7 CPUs (use cpu-features lib) No support for OpenGL 2 Fallbacks for older HW: Use 16-bit textures t M5R1/LF/.RI62K"LR5I8WK58&6:V:66:4#I8V5C+*+ M5R1/LK#I8V5CK$<GM%uuuu Use smaller render target, scale up Framework will do it for you with >96V/.:(I04:6KW:RF5Y:4>5h:-7 Pixels are expensive, especially on tablets 50

101 Troubleshooting: Performance Check for older hardware: ARM7 CPUs (use cpu-features lib) No support for OpenGL 2 Fallbacks for older HW: Use 16-bit textures t M5R1/LF/.RI62K"LR5I8WK58&6:V:66:4#I8V5C+*+ M5R1/LK#I8V5CK$<GM%uuuu Use smaller render target, scale up Framework will do it for you with >96V/.:(I04:6KW:RF5Y:4>5h:-7 Pixels are expensive, especially on tablets 50

102 Troubleshooting: Performance Check for older hardware: ARM7 CPUs (use cpu-features lib) No support for OpenGL 2 If all else fails: Market filters Fallbacks for older HW: Instruction set Use 16-bit textures ARMv5/ARMv7 t M5R1/LF/.RI62K"LR5I8WK58&6:V:66:4#I8V5C+*+ M5R1/LK#I8V5CK$<GM%uuuu GL version Use smaller render Platform target, release scale up Framework will do it for you with >96V/.:(I04:6KW:RF5Y:4>5h:-7 Use Device Availability Pixels are expensive, especially on tablets 50

103 Tips: Standing Out from the Crowd Start Small Download assets as-needed Hook me early instead of making me wait Use Android backup/restore service (save to the cloud) Keep my progress when I switch devices Support multiple control schemes Trackball, D-pad, virtual stick! Let me decide what works best Support install-to-sd! Android Market users will knock your ratings if you don t 51

104 Tips: Standing Out from the Crowd Profiling In-game profiling to select optimal settings per-device Social Hook into social networks Use OpenID Build a live wallpaper Own the user s home screen with stats, avatars Analytics Market and in-game In-app payments Consider alternative monetization techniques 52

105 Troubleshooting: Development Tools NVIDIA Debug Manager for Eclipse Simplifies setup for native debugger under Eclipse developer.nvidia.com/tegra/nvidia-debug-manager-android-ndk WinGDB Use Visual Studio to debug Android NDK applications vs-android Native MSBuild files for Android toolchain vs-android.googlecode.com 53

106 Troubleshooting: Performance Tools NVIDIA PerfHUD ES developer.nvidia.com/tegra/perfhud-es Adreno Profiler developer.qualcomm.com/showcase/adreno-profiler POWERVR Insider Utilities Including PVRTrace and PVRTune 54

107 Q&A #Android Feedback: 55