Trustworthy Compilers

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1 Trustworthy Compilers Vladimir O. Safonov St. Petersburg University )WILEY A John Wiley &> Sons, Inc., Pablication

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments xüi xix 1. Introduction The Concept of a Trustworthy Compiler / Kinds of Compilers / Evolution of Java Compilers / Compilation for.net / Phases of Compilation / Overview of Compiler Development Principles and Technologies / History of Compiler Development in the U.S.S.R. and in Russia / 13 Exercises to Chapter 1/15 2. Theoretical Foundations and Principles of Trustworthy Compilers The Trustworthy Computing (TWC) Initiative / TWC and Trustworthy Compilers / Verified Compilers / Spec#: Microsoft's Approach to Verifying Compilers / Perspectives of Verified and Verifying Compilation / 28 Exercises to Chapter 2/29 vii

3 ViU CONTENTS 3. Lexical Analysis and Its Trustworthiness Principles 3.1. Token Classes / The Output of the Lexical Analyzer / Processing White Spaces, Comments, and New Lines / Theoretical Models of Lexical Analysis / Lexical Errors, Error Diagnostics, and Recovery / Processing Identifiers and Keywords / The Architecture of a Lexical Analyzer and the Principles of Its Implementation / The Lexical Analyzer Generator Lex I Lexical Analyzer Generation in ANTLR / 48 Exercises to Chapter 3/51 4. Parsing and Trustworthy Methods of Syntax Error Recovery 4.1. Basic Concepts and Principles of Parsing / Recursive Descent and Simple Lookahead Mechanism / Overview of Error Recovery in Parsing: Error Recovery for Recursive Descent / LR(1) and LALR(l) Parsing / Error Recovery in LR Parsing / The Yacc Parser Generator / The Bison Parser Generator: Generalized LR Parsing / The Yacc++, JavaCC, SableCC, ANTLR, and CoCo/R Object-Oriented Parser Generators / 89 Exercises to Chapter 4/95 5. Semantic Analysis and Typing: Efficient and Trustworthy Techniques 5.1. Basic Concepts and Principles of Semantic Analysis / Formal Model of Semantic Analysis: Attributed Grammars / Definition Systems with Forward References and the Algorithm of Their One-Pass Analysis / Commonly Used Semantic Attributes for Program Constructs / Design Flaws of the Semantic Attribute Evaluation and Our Efficient Methods to Speed It Up / Lookup Traditional and Novel Techniques / Typing and Type-Checking: Basic Concepts / 118

4 CONTENTS IX 5.8. Representing Types at Compile Time / Efficient Method and Algorithm to Represent and Handle Types with Structural Identity / Type Identity and Type Compatibility / Type-Checking, Typing Error Diagnostics, and Recovery / Code Trustworthiness Checks During Semantic Analysis / Checks for Context Restrictions in Semantic Analysis / Intermediate Code Generation Principles and Architectural Models / Postfix (Reverse Polish) Notation / PCC Trees / Triples / Summary of the Chapter / 150 Exercises to Chapter 5 / Trustworthy Optimizations Basic Concepts and Trustworthiness of Optimizations / Optimizations as Mixed Computations / Overview of the Most Common Kinds of Optimizations / Control Flow and Data Flow Dependencies / Static Single Assignment (SSA) / Data Structures Constructed and Used by the Optimizer / Optimization in Sun Studio Compilers / Optimizations of the Java Bytecode / Optimizations of the.net Common Intermediate Language (CIL) Code / Optimizations during JIT Compilation / 170 Exercises to Chapter 6 / Code Generation and Runtime Data Representation Target Platforms for Code Generation / Overview of Code Generation Tasks and Goals / Specifics of Code Generation for.net / Specifics of Code Generation for SPARC Architecture / Representing Types and Addressing Variables / Representing Procedures, Functions, and Methods / Principles of SPARC Architecture / Example of Code Generation for SPARC Architecture / Generation of Debugging Information / 195

5 X CONTENTS Code Generation for Declarations (Pefinitions), Expressions, and Statements / 197 Exercises to Chapter 7 / Runtime, JIT, and AOT Compilation The Tasks of the Runtime / The Relationship of the Runtime and the Operating System (OS) / JIT Compilation / The Architecture of FJIT JIT Compiler for SSCLI/Rotor / The Architecture of Optimizing JIT Compiler for SSCLI/Rotor / AOT Compilation / 220 Exercises to Chapter 8 / Graph Grammars and Graph Compilers Basic Concepts of Graph Grammars and Graph Compilers / Categorical Approach to Graph Transformations / Reserved Graph Grammars (RGGs) / Layered Graph Grammars / Meta-Modeling Approach to Graph Grammars and Diameta Editor / Hypergraph Approach to Graph Grammars in Diagen / Graph Compiler Generation Tools / 237 Exercises to Chapter 9 / Microsoft Phoenix, Phoenix-Targeted Tools, and Our Phoenix Projects History of Phoenix and of Our Phoenix Projects / Overview of Phoenix Architecture / Phoenix-Based Tools, Passes, Phases, and Plug-Ins / Phoenix Primitives: Strings and Names / Phoenix Intermediate Representation (IR) / Phoenix Symbol System / Phoenix Type System / Data Flow Analysis, Control Flow Analysis, Graphs, and Static Single Assignment (SSA) in Phoenix / Overview of Other Phoenix Features / Example of a Phoenix-Based Plug-In / 265

6 CONTENTS Xi Phoenix-Fete A Compiler Front-End Development Toolkit and Environment Targeted to Phoenix / Architectural Specifics of Phoenix-FETE / The Input Grammar Meta-Language / The Current Status of the Implementation / 271 Exercises to Chapter 10 / 274 Conclusions 277 References 279 Index 285

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