Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy (Part 1)
|
|
- Lester Reynard McDowell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Department of Electr rical Eng ineering, Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy (Part 1) 王振傑 (Chen-Chieh Wang) ccwang@mail.ee.ncku.edu.tw ncku edu Depar rtment of Electr rical Engineering, Feng-Chia Unive ersity Outline 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Basics of Caches 5.3 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance 2
2 Depar rtment of Electr rical Engineering, Since 1980, CPU has outpaced DRAM... Q. How do architects address this gap? Put smaller, faster cache memories between CPU and DRAM. Create a memory hierarchy. Gap grew 50% per year 3 Feng-Chia Unive ersity Memories: Review SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): value is stored on a pair of inverting gates very fast but takes up more space than DRAM (4 to 6 transistors) DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory): value is stored as a charge on capacitor (must be refreshed) very small but slower than SRAM (factor of 5 to 10) SRAM DRAM 4
3 Depar rtment of Electr rical Engineering, Feng-Chia Unive ersity Memory array Activation Precharge Source : DRAM 5 Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Users want large and fast memories! SRAM access times are 0.5 5ns at cost of $2,000 to $5,000 per GB. DRAM access times are 50-70ns at cost of $20 to $75 per GB. Disk access times are 5 to 20 million ns at cost of $0.20 to $2 per GB. Try and give it to them anyway build a memory hierarchy CPU Registers Cache (SRAM) Interconnection Memory (DRAM) Memory Controller Input Device Output Device in
4 The Principle of Locality A principle that makes having a memory hierarchy a good idea Two different types of locality: Temporal Locality (Locality in Time): If an item is referenced, it will tend to be referenced again soon (e.g., loops, reuse) Spatial Locality (Locality in Space): If an item is referenced, items whose addresses are close by tend to be referenced soon (e.g., straightline code, array access) Our initial focus: two levels (upper, lower) Block (aka line): minimum unit of data Hit: data requested is in the upper level Miss: data requested is not in the upper level 7 Depar rtment of Electr rical Engineering, Feng-Chia Unive ersity Outline 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Basics of Caches 5.3 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance 8
5 Depar rtment of Electr rical Engineering, Feng-Chia Unive ersity Direct mapped Fully associative Set associative Cache Organization 9 Two issues: Cache How do we know if a data item is in the cache? If it is, how do we find it? Our first example: block size is one word of data "direct mapped" For each item of data at the lower level, there is exactly one location in the cache where it might be. e.g., lots of items at the lower level share locations in the upper level 10
6 Depar rtment of Electr rical Engineering, Feng-Chia Unive ersity Direct Mapped Cache Mapping: address is modulo the number of blocks in the cache 000 Cache Memory 11 For MIPS: Hit Direct Mapped Cache Index Address (showing bit positions) Byte offset Tag Valid Tag = 20 Index Data 32 Data 12
7 Tags and Valid Bits How do we know which particular block is stored in a cache location? Store block address as well as the data Actually, only need the high-order bits Called the tag What if there is no data in a location? Valid bit: 1 = present, 0 = not present Initially 0 13 Depar rtment of Electrical Engineering, Feng-Chia Unive ersity Direct Mapped Cache Taking advantage of spatial locality: 14
8 Feng-Chia Unive ersity 4-Way Set Associative Index V Tag Data V Tag Data V Tag Data V Tag Data Hit 4-to-1 multiplexor Data Feng-Chia Unive ersity Example : Direct Mapped Cache 32-bit Address Cache Size = 64KByte Block Size = 32Byte Direct mapped 16
9 Feng-Chia Unive ersity Example : Set Associative Cache 32-bit Address Cache Size = 64KByte Block Size = 32Byte 2-way set associative 17 Block Size Considerations Larger blocks should reduce miss rate Due to spatial locality But in a fixed-sized cache Larger blocks fewer of them More competition increased miss rate Larger blocks pollution Larger miss penalty Can override benefit of reduced miss rate Early restart and critical-word-first can help 18
10 Line Size and Locality Increasing the block size tends to decrease miss rate: rate Miss 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Block size (bytes) KB 8 KB 16 KB 64 KB 256 KB Use split caches because there is more spatial locality in code: Block size in Instruction Data miss Effective combined Program words miss rate rate miss rate gcc 1 6.1% 2.1% 5.4% 4 2.0% 1.7% 1.9% spice 1 12% 1.2% 13% 1.3% 12% 1.2% 4 0.3% 0.6% 0.4% 19 Cache Misses On cache hit, CPU proceeds normally On cache miss Stall the CPU pipeline Fetch block from next level of hierarchy Instruction cache miss Restart instruction fetch Data cache miss Complete data access 20
11 Hits vs. Misses Read Hit Read Read dmiss Memory References Write Hit Write Write Miss Write-through through Write-back Write-around Write-allocate Write-through Write-back 21 Write-Through On data-write hit, could just update the block in cache But then cache and memory would be inconsistent Write through: also update memory But makes writes take longer e.g., if base CPI = 1, 10% of instructions are stores, write to memory takes 100 cycles Effective CPI = = 11 Solution: write buffer Holds data waiting to be written to memory CPU continues immediately Only stalls on write if write buffer is already full 22
12 Write Buffers for Write-Through Caches Processor Cache Lower Level Memory Write Buffer Holds data awaiting write-through to lower level memory Q. Why a write buffer? So CPU doesn t stall Q. Why a buffer, why not just one register? Bursts of writes are common Q: Are Read After Write (RAW) hazards an issue for write buffer? Yes! Drain buffer before next read, or send read 1st after check write buffers. 23 Write-Back Alternative: On data-write hit, just update the block in cache Keep track of whether each block is dirty When a dirty block is replaced Write it back to memory Can use a write buffer to allow replacing block to be read first 24
13 Random: Replacement Policy Candidate blocks are randomly selected, possibly using some hardware assistance. Least Recently Used (LRU) The block replaced is the one that has been unused for the longest time First In, First Out (FIFO) Because LRU can be complicated to calculate, this approximates LRU by determining the oldest block rather than the LRU 25 Main Memory Supporting Caches Use DRAMs for main memory Fixed width (e.g., 1 word) Connected by fixed-width clocked bus Bus clock is typically slower than CPU clock Example cache block read 1 bus cycle for address transfer 15 bus cycles per DRAM access 1 bus cycle per data transfer For 4-word block, 1-word-wide DRAM Miss penalty = = 65 bus cycles Bandwidth = 16 bytes / 65 cycles = 0.25 B/cycle 26
14 Depar rtment of Electrical Engineering, Hardware Issues Make reading multiple words easier by using banks of memory 2-word wide memory Miss penalty = 1 + (2x15) + 2x1 = 33 bus cycles Bandwidth = 16 bytes / 33 cycles = 0.48 B/cycle 4-bank interleaved memory Miss penalty = = 20 bus cycles Bandwidth = 16 bytes / 20 cycles = 0.8 B/cycle 27 Depar rtment of Electrical Engineering, Non-interleaving memory Interleaving memory Pipelining read/write accesses Memory Word Word Word Word Bank 0 Bank 1 Bank 2 address address address address Bank
15 Advanced DRAM Organization Bits in a DRAM are organized as a rectangular array DRAM accesses an entire row Burst mode: supply successive words from a row with reduced latency Double data rate (DDR) DRAM Transfer on rising and falling clock edges Quad data rate (QDR) DRAM Separate DDR inputs and outputs 29 Depar rtment of Electr rical Engineering, Feng-Chia Unive ersity 5.1 Introduction Outline 5.2 The Basics of Caches 5.3 Measuring and Improving Cache Performance 30
16 Feng-Chia Unive ersity Simplified model: Performance execution time = (execution cycles + stall cycles) cycle time stall cycles = # of instructions miss ratio miss penalty Two ways of improving performance: decreasing the miss ratio decreasing the miss penalty What happens if we increase block size? 31 Given Cache Performance Example I-cache miss rate = 2% D-cache miss rate = 4% Miss penalty = 100 cycles Base CPI (ideal cache) = 2 Load & stores are 36% of instructions Miss cycles per instruction I-cache: = 2 D-cache: = 1.44 Actual CPI = = 5.44 Ideal CPU is 5.44/2 =2.72 times faster 32
17 Depar rtment of Electrical Engineering, Feng-Chia Unive ersity Decreasing miss ratio with associativity 33 Decreasing miss penalty with multilevel lil l caches Add a second level cache: often primary cache is on the same chip as the processor use SRAMs to add another cache above primary memory (DRAM) miss penalty goes down if data is in 2nd level l cache Using multilevel caches: try and optimize the hit time on the 1st level cache try and optimize the miss rate on the 2nd level cache 34
18 Feng-Chia Unive ersity Performance of Multilevel Caches Example: CPI of 1.0 on a 4 GHz machine with a 2% miss rate, 100ns DRAM access Adding 2nd level cache with 5ns access time decreases miss rate to 0.5% 35 Feng-Chia Unive ersity Interactions with Software Misses depend on memory access patterns Algorithm behavior Compiler optimization for memory access Difficult to predict best algorithm: need experimental data 36
Memory Hierarchies. Instructor: Dmitri A. Gusev. Fall Lecture 10, October 8, CS 502: Computers and Communications Technology
Memory Hierarchies Instructor: Dmitri A. Gusev Fall 2007 CS 502: Computers and Communications Technology Lecture 10, October 8, 2007 Memories SRAM: value is stored on a pair of inverting gates very fast
More informationMemory Technology. Caches 1. Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Magnetic disk. Ideal memory. 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB
Memory Technology Caches 1 Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns 70ns, $20 $75 per GB Magnetic disk 5ms 20ms, $0.20 $2 per GB Ideal memory Average access time similar
More informationChapter Seven. Memories: Review. Exploiting Memory Hierarchy CACHE MEMORY AND VIRTUAL MEMORY
Chapter Seven CACHE MEMORY AND VIRTUAL MEMORY 1 Memories: Review SRAM: value is stored on a pair of inverting gates very fast but takes up more space than DRAM (4 to 6 transistors) DRAM: value is stored
More informationLocality. Cache. Direct Mapped Cache. Direct Mapped Cache
Locality A principle that makes having a memory hierarchy a good idea If an item is referenced, temporal locality: it will tend to be referenced again soon spatial locality: nearby items will tend to be
More informationThe Memory Hierarchy. Cache, Main Memory, and Virtual Memory (Part 2)
The Memory Hierarchy Cache, Main Memory, and Virtual Memory (Part 2) Lecture for CPSC 5155 Edward Bosworth, Ph.D. Computer Science Department Columbus State University Cache Line Replacement The cache
More informationChapter 5A. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
Chapter 5A Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) Fast, expensive Dynamic RAM (DRAM) In between Magnetic disk Slow, inexpensive Ideal memory Access time of SRAM
More informationChapter 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Principle of Locality Programs access a small proportion of their address space at any time Temporal locality Items accessed recently are likely to
More informationMain Memory Supporting Caches
Main Memory Supporting Caches Use DRAMs for main memory Fixed width (e.g., 1 word) Connected by fixed-width clocked bus Bus clock is typically slower than CPU clock Cache Issues 1 Example cache block read
More informationAdvanced Memory Organizations
CSE 3421: Introduction to Computer Architecture Advanced Memory Organizations Study: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 (only parts) Gojko Babić 03-29-2018 1 Growth in Performance of DRAM & CPU Huge mismatch between CPU
More informationChapter Seven. SRAM: value is stored on a pair of inverting gates very fast but takes up more space than DRAM (4 to 6 transistors)
Chapter Seven emories: Review SRA: value is stored on a pair of inverting gates very fast but takes up more space than DRA (4 to transistors) DRA: value is stored as a charge on capacitor (must be refreshed)
More informationComputer Organization and Structure. Bing-Yu Chen National Taiwan University
Computer Organization and Structure Bing-Yu Chen National Taiwan University Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy The Basic of Caches Measuring & Improving Cache Performance Virtual Memory A Common
More informationMemory Technology. Chapter 5. Principle of Locality. Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy 1
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy 5 th Edition Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic
More informationCOMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface. 5 th. Edition. Chapter 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface 5 th Edition Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Principle of Locality Programs access a small proportion of their address
More informationChapter 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Processor-Memory Performance Gap 10000 µproc 55%/year (2X/1.5yr) Performance 1000 100 10 1 1980 1983 1986 1989 Moore s Law Processor-Memory Performance
More informationChapter 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Review: Major Components of a Computer Processor Devices Control Memory Input Datapath Output Secondary Memory (Disk) Main Memory Cache Performance
More informationChapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy (Part 2)
Department of Electr rical Eng ineering, Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy (Part 2) 王振傑 (Chen-Chieh Wang) ccwang@mail.ee.ncku.edu.tw ncku edu Feng-Chia Unive ersity Outline 5.4 Virtual
More informationChapter Seven. Large & Fast: Exploring Memory Hierarchy
Chapter Seven Large & Fast: Exploring Memory Hierarchy 1 Memories: Review SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): value is stored on a pair of inverting gates very fast but takes up more space than DRAM DRAM
More informationChapter 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns 70ns, $20 $75 per GB Magnetic disk 5ms 20ms, $0.20 $2 per
More informationCPU issues address (and data for write) Memory returns data (or acknowledgment for write)
The Main Memory Unit CPU and memory unit interface Address Data Control CPU Memory CPU issues address (and data for write) Memory returns data (or acknowledgment for write) Memories: Design Objectives
More informationCOMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface COEN-4710 Computer Hardware Lecture 7 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy (Chapter 5) Cristinel Ababei Marquette University Department
More informationCOMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface 5 th Edition Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Principle of Locality Programs access a small proportion of their address
More information5. Memory Hierarchy Computer Architecture COMP SCI 2GA3 / SFWR ENG 2GA3. Emil Sekerinski, McMaster University, Fall Term 2015/16
5. Memory Hierarchy Computer Architecture COMP SCI 2GA3 / SFWR ENG 2GA3 Emil Sekerinski, McMaster University, Fall Term 2015/16 Movie Rental Store You have a huge warehouse with every movie ever made.
More informationChapter 7 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy. Memory Hierarchy. Locality. Memories: Review
Memories: Review Chapter 7 Large and Fast: Exploiting Hierarchy DRAM (Dynamic Random Access ): value is stored as a charge on capacitor that must be periodically refreshed, which is why it is called dynamic
More informationChapter 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns 70ns, $20 $75 per GB Magnetic disk 5ms 20ms, $0.20 $2 per
More informationCSE 2021: Computer Organization
CSE 2021: Computer Organization Lecture-12a Caches-1 The basics of caches Shakil M. Khan Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns 70ns, $20 $75 per GB
More informationComputer Architecture Computer Science & Engineering. Chapter 5. Memory Hierachy BK TP.HCM
Computer Architecture Computer Science & Engineering Chapter 5 Memory Hierachy Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns 70ns, $20 $75 per GB Magnetic
More informationCSE 2021: Computer Organization
CSE 2021: Computer Organization Lecture-12 Caches-1 The basics of caches Shakil M. Khan Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns 70ns, $20 $75 per GB
More informationCSE 431 Computer Architecture Fall Chapter 5A: Exploiting the Memory Hierarchy, Part 1
CSE 431 Computer Architecture Fall 2008 Chapter 5A: Exploiting the Memory Hierarchy, Part 1 Mary Jane Irwin ( www.cse.psu.edu/~mji ) [Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, 4 th Edition, Patterson
More informationChapter 5. Memory Technology
Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns 70ns, $20 $75 per GB Magnetic disk 5ms 20ms, $0.20 $2 per
More informationLECTURE 4: LARGE AND FAST: EXPLOITING MEMORY HIERARCHY
LECTURE 4: LARGE AND FAST: EXPLOITING MEMORY HIERARCHY Abridged version of Patterson & Hennessy (2013):Ch.5 Principle of Locality Programs access a small proportion of their address space at any time Temporal
More informationChapter 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Processor-Memory Performance Gap 10000 µproc 55%/year (2X/1.5yr) Performance 1000 100 10 1 1980 1983 1986 1989 Moore s Law Processor-Memory Performance
More informationDonn Morrison Department of Computer Science. TDT4255 Memory hierarchies
TDT4255 Lecture 10: Memory hierarchies Donn Morrison Department of Computer Science 2 Outline Chapter 5 - Memory hierarchies (5.1-5.5) Temporal and spacial locality Hits and misses Direct-mapped, set associative,
More informationChapter Seven Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Chapter Seven Memories: Review SRAM: value is stored on a pair of inverting gates very fast but takes up more space than DRAM (4 to 6 transistors) DRAM: value is stored as a charge on capacitor (must be
More informationHandout 4 Memory Hierarchy
Handout 4 Memory Hierarchy Outline Memory hierarchy Locality Cache design Virtual address spaces Page table layout TLB design options (MMU Sub-system) Conclusion 2012/11/7 2 Since 1980, CPU has outpaced
More informationCaches. Jin-Soo Kim Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University
Caches Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu) Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University http://csl.skku.edu Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns
More informationMemory. Lecture 22 CS301
Memory Lecture 22 CS301 Administrative Daily Review of today s lecture w Due tomorrow (11/13) at 8am HW #8 due today at 5pm Program #2 due Friday, 11/16 at 11:59pm Test #2 Wednesday Pipelined Machine Fetch
More informationMemory Hierarchy Computing Systems & Performance MSc Informatics Eng. Memory Hierarchy (most slides are borrowed)
Computing Systems & Performance Memory Hierarchy MSc Informatics Eng. 2011/12 A.J.Proença Memory Hierarchy (most slides are borrowed) AJProença, Computer Systems & Performance, MEI, UMinho, 2011/12 1 2
More informationMemory Hierarchy Computing Systems & Performance MSc Informatics Eng. Memory Hierarchy (most slides are borrowed)
Computing Systems & Performance Memory Hierarchy MSc Informatics Eng. 2012/13 A.J.Proença Memory Hierarchy (most slides are borrowed) AJProença, Computer Systems & Performance, MEI, UMinho, 2012/13 1 2
More informationChapter 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns 70ns, $20 $75 per GB Magnetic disk 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB 5.1 Introduction Memory Technology 5ms
More informationEN1640: Design of Computing Systems Topic 06: Memory System
EN164: Design of Computing Systems Topic 6: Memory System Professor Sherief Reda http://scale.engin.brown.edu Electrical Sciences and Computer Engineering School of Engineering Brown University Spring
More informationMemory Hierarchy. Reading. Sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.8 (some elements), 5.9 (2) Lecture notes from MKP, H. H. Lee and S.
Memory Hierarchy Lecture notes from MKP, H. H. Lee and S. Yalamanchili Sections 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.8 (some elements), 5.9 Reading (2) 1 SRAM: Value is stored on a pair of inerting gates Very fast but
More informationChapter 3: Loaders and Linkers
Department of Electr rical Eng ineering, Chapter 3: Loaders and Linkers 王振傑 (Chen-Chieh Wang) ccwang@mail.ee.ncku.edu.tw ncku edu 3.1 Basic Loader Functions 3.1.1 Design of an Absolute Loader 3.1.2 A Simple
More informationComputer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University
Caches Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu) Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University http://csl.skku.edu Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 50ns
More informationCache Optimization. Jin-Soo Kim Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University
Cache Optimization Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu) Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University http://csl.skku.edu Cache Misses On cache hit CPU proceeds normally On cache miss Stall the CPU pipeline
More informationEN1640: Design of Computing Systems Topic 06: Memory System
EN164: Design of Computing Systems Topic 6: Memory System Professor Sherief Reda http://scale.engin.brown.edu Electrical Sciences and Computer Engineering School of Engineering Brown University Spring
More informationPerformance! (1/latency)! 1000! 100! 10! Capacity Access Time Cost. CPU Registers 100s Bytes <10s ns. Cache K Bytes ns 1-0.
Since 1980, CPU has outpaced DRAM... EEL 5764: Graduate Computer Architecture Appendix C Hierarchy Review Ann Gordon-Ross Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida http://www.ann.ece.ufl.edu/
More informationChapter 4 The Processor (Part 4)
Department of Electr rical Eng ineering, Chapter 4 The Processor (Part 4) 王振傑 (Chen-Chieh Wang) ccwang@mail.ee.ncku.edu.tw ncku edu Depar rtment of Electr rical Engineering, Feng-Chia Unive ersity Outline
More informationChapter 7-1. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy (part I: cache) 臺大電機系吳安宇教授. V1 11/24/2004 V2 12/01/2004 V3 12/08/2004 (minor)
Chapter 7-1 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy (part I: cache) 臺大電機系吳安宇教授 V1 11/24/2004 V2 12/01/2004 V3 12/08/2004 (minor) 臺大電機吳安宇教授 - 計算機結構 1 Outline 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Basics of Caches
More informationEEC 483 Computer Organization
EEC 48 Computer Organization 5. The Basics of Cache Chansu Yu Caches: The Basic Idea A smaller set of storage locations storing a subset of information from a larger set (memory) Unlike registers or memory,
More informationChapter 6 Storage and Other I/O Topics
Department of Electr rical Eng ineering, Chapter 6 Storage and Other I/O Topics 王振傑 (Chen-Chieh Wang) ccwang@mail.ee.ncku.edu.tw ncku edu Feng-Chia Unive ersity Outline 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Dependability,
More informationThe Memory Hierarchy & Cache Review of Memory Hierarchy & Cache Basics (from 350):
The Memory Hierarchy & Cache Review of Memory Hierarchy & Cache Basics (from 350): Motivation for The Memory Hierarchy: { CPU/Memory Performance Gap The Principle Of Locality Cache $$$$$ Cache Basics:
More informationA Cache Hierarchy in a Computer System
A Cache Hierarchy in a Computer System Ideally one would desire an indefinitely large memory capacity such that any particular... word would be immediately available... We are... forced to recognize the
More informationCENG 3420 Computer Organization and Design. Lecture 08: Cache Review. Bei Yu
CENG 3420 Computer Organization and Design Lecture 08: Cache Review Bei Yu CEG3420 L08.1 Spring 2016 A Typical Memory Hierarchy q Take advantage of the principle of locality to present the user with as
More informationCS161 Design and Architecture of Computer Systems. Cache $$$$$
CS161 Design and Architecture of Computer Systems Cache $$$$$ Memory Systems! How can we supply the CPU with enough data to keep it busy?! We will focus on memory issues,! which are frequently bottlenecks
More informationCOEN-4730 Computer Architecture Lecture 3 Review of Caches and Virtual Memory
1 COEN-4730 Computer Architecture Lecture 3 Review of Caches and Virtual Memory Cristinel Ababei Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Marquette University Credits: Slides adapted from presentations
More informationTextbook: Burdea and Coiffet, Virtual Reality Technology, 2 nd Edition, Wiley, Textbook web site:
Textbook: Burdea and Coiffet, Virtual Reality Technology, 2 nd Edition, Wiley, 2003 Textbook web site: www.vrtechnology.org 1 Textbook web site: www.vrtechnology.org Laboratory Hardware 2 Topics 14:332:331
More informationMemory Hierarchy Y. K. Malaiya
Memory Hierarchy Y. K. Malaiya Acknowledgements Computer Architecture, Quantitative Approach - Hennessy, Patterson Vishwani D. Agrawal Review: Major Components of a Computer Processor Control Datapath
More informationAdvanced Computer Architecture
ECE 563 Advanced Computer Architecture Fall 2009 Lecture 3: Memory Hierarchy Review: Caches 563 L03.1 Fall 2010 Since 1980, CPU has outpaced DRAM... Four-issue 2GHz superscalar accessing 100ns DRAM could
More informationECE331: Hardware Organization and Design
ECE331: Hardware Organization and Design Lecture 22: Direct Mapped Cache Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, UCB Intel 8-core i7-5960x 3 GHz, 8-core, 20 MB of cache, 140
More informationThe Memory Hierarchy & Cache
Removing The Ideal Memory Assumption: The Memory Hierarchy & Cache The impact of real memory on CPU Performance. Main memory basic properties: Memory Types: DRAM vs. SRAM The Motivation for The Memory
More informationMultilevel Memories. Joel Emer Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1 Multilevel Memories Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Based on the material prepared by Krste Asanovic and Arvind CPU-Memory Bottleneck 6.823
More informationregisters data 1 registers MEMORY ADDRESS on-chip cache off-chip cache main memory: real address space part of virtual addr. sp.
13 1 CMPE110 Computer Architecture, Winter 2009 Andrea Di Blas 110 Winter 2009 CMPE Cache Direct-mapped cache Reads and writes Cache associativity Cache and performance Textbook Edition: 7.1 to 7.3 Third
More informationThe levels of a memory hierarchy. Main. Memory. 500 By 1MB 4GB 500GB 0.25 ns 1ns 20ns 5ms
The levels of a memory hierarchy CPU registers C A C H E Memory bus Main Memory I/O bus External memory 500 By 1MB 4GB 500GB 0.25 ns 1ns 20ns 5ms 1 1 Some useful definitions When the CPU finds a requested
More informationV. Primary & Secondary Memory!
V. Primary & Secondary Memory! Computer Architecture and Operating Systems & Operating Systems: 725G84 Ahmed Rezine 1 Memory Technology Static RAM (SRAM) 0.5ns 2.5ns, $2000 $5000 per GB Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
More informationChapter 5 Memory Hierarchy Design. In-Cheol Park Dept. of EE, KAIST
Chapter 5 Memory Hierarchy Design In-Cheol Park Dept. of EE, KAIST Why cache? Microprocessor performance increment: 55% per year Memory performance increment: 7% per year Principles of locality Spatial
More informationCENG 3420 Computer Organization and Design. Lecture 08: Memory - I. Bei Yu
CENG 3420 Computer Organization and Design Lecture 08: Memory - I Bei Yu CEG3420 L08.1 Spring 2016 Outline q Why Memory Hierarchy q How Memory Hierarchy? SRAM (Cache) & DRAM (main memory) Memory System
More informationLECTURE 10: Improving Memory Access: Direct and Spatial caches
EECS 318 CAD Computer Aided Design LECTURE 10: Improving Memory Access: Direct and Spatial caches Instructor: Francis G. Wolff wolff@eecs.cwru.edu Case Western Reserve University This presentation uses
More informationReducing Hit Times. Critical Influence on cycle-time or CPI. small is always faster and can be put on chip
Reducing Hit Times Critical Influence on cycle-time or CPI Keep L1 small and simple small is always faster and can be put on chip interesting compromise is to keep the tags on chip and the block data off
More informationMemory Hierarchy. Slides contents from:
Memory Hierarchy Slides contents from: Hennessy & Patterson, 5ed Appendix B and Chapter 2 David Wentzlaff, ELE 475 Computer Architecture MJT, High Performance Computing, NPTEL Memory Performance Gap Memory
More informationLecture 11 Cache. Peng Liu.
Lecture 11 Cache Peng Liu liupeng@zju.edu.cn 1 Associative Cache Example 2 Associative Cache Example 3 Associativity Example Compare 4-block caches Direct mapped, 2-way set associative, fully associative
More informationLECTURE 11. Memory Hierarchy
LECTURE 11 Memory Hierarchy MEMORY HIERARCHY When it comes to memory, there are two universally desirable properties: Large Size: ideally, we want to never have to worry about running out of memory. Speed
More informationPage 1. Multilevel Memories (Improving performance using a little cash )
Page 1 Multilevel Memories (Improving performance using a little cash ) 1 Page 2 CPU-Memory Bottleneck CPU Memory Performance of high-speed computers is usually limited by memory bandwidth & latency Latency
More informationregisters data 1 registers MEMORY ADDRESS on-chip cache off-chip cache main memory: real address space part of virtual addr. sp.
Cache associativity Cache and performance 12 1 CMPE110 Spring 2005 A. Di Blas 110 Spring 2005 CMPE Cache Direct-mapped cache Reads and writes Textbook Edition: 7.1 to 7.3 Second Third Edition: 7.1 to 7.3
More informationELEC 5200/6200 Computer Architecture and Design Spring 2017 Lecture 7: Memory Organization Part II
ELEC 5200/6200 Computer Architecture and Design Spring 2017 Lecture 7: Organization Part II Ujjwal Guin, Assistant Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Auburn University, Auburn,
More informationCache Memory COE 403. Computer Architecture Prof. Muhamed Mudawar. Computer Engineering Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Cache Memory COE 403 Computer Architecture Prof. Muhamed Mudawar Computer Engineering Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Presentation Outline The Need for Cache Memory The Basics
More informationLecture-14 (Memory Hierarchy) CS422-Spring
Lecture-14 (Memory Hierarchy) CS422-Spring 2018 Biswa@CSE-IITK The Ideal World Instruction Supply Pipeline (Instruction execution) Data Supply - Zero-cycle latency - Infinite capacity - Zero cost - Perfect
More informationEE 4683/5683: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
EE 4683/5683: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Lecture 6A: Cache Design Avinash Kodi, kodi@ohioedu Agenda 2 Review: Memory Hierarchy Review: Cache Organization Direct-mapped Set- Associative Fully-Associative 1 Major
More informationEEC 170 Computer Architecture Fall Cache Introduction Review. Review: The Memory Hierarchy. The Memory Hierarchy: Why Does it Work?
EEC 17 Computer Architecture Fall 25 Introduction Review Review: The Hierarchy Take advantage of the principle of locality to present the user with as much memory as is available in the cheapest technology
More informationCS3350B Computer Architecture
CS335B Computer Architecture Winter 25 Lecture 32: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy: How? Marc Moreno Maza wwwcsduwoca/courses/cs335b [Adapted from lectures on Computer Organization and Design, Patterson &
More informationMemory Hierarchy and Caches
Memory Hierarchy and Caches COE 301 / ICS 233 Computer Organization Dr. Muhamed Mudawar College of Computer Sciences and Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Presentation Outline
More informationMemory Hierarchy Design (Appendix B and Chapter 2)
CS359: Computer Architecture Memory Hierarchy Design (Appendix B and Chapter 2) Yanyan Shen Department of Computer Science and Engineering 1 Four Memory Hierarchy Questions Q1 (block placement): where
More informationCaches. Hiding Memory Access Times
Caches Hiding Memory Access Times PC Instruction Memory 4 M U X Registers Sign Ext M U X Sh L 2 Data Memory M U X C O N T R O L ALU CTL INSTRUCTION FETCH INSTR DECODE REG FETCH EXECUTE/ ADDRESS CALC MEMORY
More informationMemory Hierarchy. Slides contents from:
Memory Hierarchy Slides contents from: Hennessy & Patterson, 5ed Appendix B and Chapter 2 David Wentzlaff, ELE 475 Computer Architecture MJT, High Performance Computing, NPTEL Memory Performance Gap Memory
More informationCSF Cache Introduction. [Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, 2005]
CSF Cache Introduction [Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, 2005] Review: The Memory Hierarchy Take advantage of the principle of locality to present the user with as much
More informationMemory Hierarchy. ENG3380 Computer Organization and Architecture Cache Memory Part II. Topics. References. Memory Hierarchy
ENG338 Computer Organization and Architecture Part II Winter 217 S. Areibi School of Engineering University of Guelph Hierarchy Topics Hierarchy Locality Motivation Principles Elements of Design: Addresses
More information14:332:331. Week 13 Basics of Cache
14:332:331 Computer Architecture and Assembly Language Fall 2003 Week 13 Basics of Cache [Adapted from Dave Patterson s UCB CS152 slides and Mary Jane Irwin s PSU CSE331 slides] 331 Lec20.1 Fall 2003 Head
More informationCOMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface 5 th Edition. Chapter 5. Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN The Hardware/Software Interface 5 th Edition Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy Different Storage Memories Chapter 5 Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory
More informationIntroduction to cache memories
Course on: Advanced Computer Architectures Introduction to cache memories Prof. Cristina Silvano Politecnico di Milano email: cristina.silvano@polimi.it 1 Summary Summary Main goal Spatial and temporal
More informationECE232: Hardware Organization and Design
ECE232: Hardware Organization and Design Lecture 22: Introduction to Caches Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, UCB Overview Caches hold a subset of data from the main
More informationCourse Administration
Spring 207 EE 363: Computer Organization Chapter 5: Large and Fast: Exploiting Memory Hierarchy - Avinash Kodi Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 4570
More informationEITF20: Computer Architecture Part 5.1.1: Virtual Memory
EITF20: Computer Architecture Part 5.1.1: Virtual Memory Liang Liu liang.liu@eit.lth.se 1 Outline Reiteration Cache optimization Virtual memory Case study AMD Opteron Summary 2 Memory hierarchy 3 Cache
More informationEECS151/251A Spring 2018 Digital Design and Integrated Circuits. Instructors: John Wawrzynek and Nick Weaver. Lecture 19: Caches EE141
EECS151/251A Spring 2018 Digital Design and Integrated Circuits Instructors: John Wawrzynek and Nick Weaver Lecture 19: Caches Cache Introduction 40% of this ARM CPU is devoted to SRAM cache. But the role
More informationCS/ECE 3330 Computer Architecture. Chapter 5 Memory
CS/ECE 3330 Computer Architecture Chapter 5 Memory Last Chapter n Focused exclusively on processor itself n Made a lot of simplifying assumptions IF ID EX MEM WB n Reality: The Memory Wall 10 6 Relative
More informationLRU. Pseudo LRU A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H H H C. Copyright 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
LRU A list to keep track of the order of access to every block in the set. The least recently used block is replaced (if needed). How many bits we need for that? 27 Pseudo LRU A B C D E F G H A B C D E
More informationAdapted from instructor s supplementary material from Computer. Patterson & Hennessy, 2008, MK]
Lecture 17 Adapted from instructor s supplementary material from Computer Organization and Design, 4th Edition, Patterson & Hennessy, 2008, MK] SRAM / / Flash / RRAM / HDD SRAM / / Flash / RRAM/ HDD SRAM
More informationLecture 11: Memory Systems -- Cache Organiza9on and Performance CSE 564 Computer Architecture Summer 2017
Lecture 11: Memory Systems -- Cache Organiza9on and Performance CSE 564 Computer Architecture Summer 2017 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Yonghong Yan yan@oakland.edu www.secs.oakland.edu/~yan
More informationComputer Systems Architecture I. CSE 560M Lecture 18 Guest Lecturer: Shakir James
Computer Systems Architecture I CSE 560M Lecture 18 Guest Lecturer: Shakir James Plan for Today Announcements No class meeting on Monday, meet in project groups Project demos < 2 weeks, Nov 23 rd Questions
More informationComputer Architecture A Quantitative Approach, Fifth Edition. Chapter 2. Memory Hierarchy Design. Copyright 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Computer Architecture A Quantitative Approach, Fifth Edition Chapter 2 Memory Hierarchy Design 1 Introduction Programmers want unlimited amounts of memory with low latency Fast memory technology is more
More informationThe Memory Hierarchy & Cache The impact of real memory on CPU Performance. Main memory basic properties: Memory Types: DRAM vs.
The Hierarchical Memory System The Memory Hierarchy & Cache The impact of real memory on CPU Performance. Main memory basic properties: Memory Types: DRAM vs. SRAM The Motivation for The Memory Hierarchy:
More informationCaches and Memory Hierarchy: Review. UCSB CS240A, Winter 2016
Caches and Memory Hierarchy: Review UCSB CS240A, Winter 2016 1 Motivation Most applications in a single processor runs at only 10-20% of the processor peak Most of the single processor performance loss
More information