Map Analysis with Vector Data

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1 Map Analysis with Vector Data Francisco Olivera, Ph.D., P.E. Srikanth Koka Lauren Walker Aishwarya Vijaykumar Department of Civil Engineering December 5, 2011 Contents Brief Overview of Map Analysis... 1 Goals of the Exercise... 2 Computer and Data Requirements... 2 Procedure Selecting Features... 3 A. Selecting features manually... 3 B. Selecting features by attributes... 5 C. Selecting features by location GeoProcessing Wizard... 9 A. Dissolve features... 9 B. Merge layers C. Clip layers D. Intersect layers E. Union layers Tabular Analysis A. Joining tables B. Relating tables C. Attribute statistics D. Summarizing tables Spatial Join Buffers Brief Overview of Map Analysis Map analysis involves inferring information necessary for engineering and scientific tasks from the general information contained in digital spatial datasets. In this exercise, analysis will be performed using vector data (points, lines, and polygons). 1 Department of Civil Engineering

2 Goals of the Exercise This exercise introduces you to the following: Selecting features Geoprocessing tools Tabular analysis Spatial join Buffers Computer and Data Requirements To perform this exercise, you need a computer that runs ArcGIS 10. The data required for this exercise is available on the class website. During this exercise, you will work with the following spatial datasets contained in three different folders: Main Folder: VectorAnalysis Folder 1: SelectFeats texas_counties.shp contains the county features texas_rivers.shp contains the river features Texas_roads.shp contains the road features Folder2: GeoWizard A.shp and B.shp are polygon datasets C.shp is a line dataset D.shp and E.shp are point datasets In addition to geometric information (area, perimeter, and length), the feature classes have the following fields: Intensive Attributes Extensive Attributes AConc: Mass of a certain fertilizer per unit area (Kg/m 2 ) BOwner: Land owner CName: Road name DRain: Annual precipitation depth (mm) ERain: Annual precipitation depth (mm) ATrees: Number of trees Folder3: TabAnal CityInfo.dbf is a dbf table that contains population information for cities in Texas TX_Cities.shp is a point shapefile that contains the cities of Texas TX_counties.shp is a polygon shapefile that contains the counties of Texas Department of Civil Engineering 2

3 Procedure 1. Selecting Features A. Selecting features manually In this section of the exercise, you will learn how to select features manually. (1) Open ArcMap 10. (2) Add the texas_counties, texas_rivers, and Texas_roads shapefiles (located in the SelectFeats folder) to the data frame using the Add Data tool. Save the map document with a name of your choice. You will now select features from the texas_counties layer only. In order to select features from this layer only, you have to make the layer the only selectable layer. (3) First, make the Texas_roads and texas_rivers layers invisible. Right click on the texas_counties layer, and then click Selection/Make This The Only Selectable Layer. Alternatively, click on the List by Selection button in the Table of Contents pane. Then, Click on the Click to toggle selectable button next to the texas_rivers and Texas_roads labels. (4) Click on Selection/Selection Options. Under Selection Tools Settings, change the selection color from blue to red and click OK. Department of Civil Engineering 3

(5) Now you have chosen the layer you want to select features from, and a color for the selection. Make sure that the Tools toolbar containing the Select tool is displayed in ArcMap.

4 (5) Now you have chosen the layer you want to select features from, and a color for the selection. Make sure that the Tools toolbar containing the Select tool is displayed in ArcMap. If it is not visible, click Customize/Toolbars/Tools on the main menu. (6) To select only one feature, click on the Select Features tool and then click on the feature you want to select. To select multiple features press and hold the Shift key, and then using the Select tool, click on all the features you want to select. (7) You can now toggle the selection by right clicking on the texas_counties layer, pointing to Selection and clicking on Switch Selection. (8) To clear the selections, click on Selection/Clear Selected Features. You can also do this using Clear Selected Features button on the Tools toolbar. Department of Civil Engineering 4

5 B. Selecting features by attributes Manual selection is useful when you know the locations of the features you want to select. However, if you have other information about an attribute such as the names of the counties, you can use this information and define a query to select the features automatically. In this section of the exercise, you will select the county features whose names are Brazos, Carson, Parker, Reeves, and Refugio using the Select by attributes tool. 1) Click on Selection/Select by Attributes. In the wizard that opens, choose texas_counties for Layer, and Create a new selection for the Method. 2) To build the query, use the query window, which is titled SELECT * FROM texas_counties WHERE: You can type a query if you want, but this could lead to errors; inserting a query by clicking on the buttons provided for building queries is better. 3) In the fields box, double-click on COUNTY_NAM. Now click on the equals (=) button and in the Unique values list, browse down to Brazos and double-click it. 4) You should see a statement that says COUNTY_NAM = Brazos. As it stands, your query can select only one feature. To select all the other counties, create statements like that described above, each separated by OR. Department of Civil Engineering 5

5) To add the next statement, click the OR button and then double-click on COUNTY_NAM. Click on the equals (=) button and in the Unique values list, browse down to Carson and double-click it.

6 5) To add the next statement, click the OR button and then double-click on COUNTY_NAM. Click on the equals (=) button and in the Unique values list, browse down to Carson and double-click it. Repeat this step for all the other three counties and your final query should look like "COUNTY_NAM" = 'Brazos' OR "COUNTY_NAM" = 'Carson' OR "COUNTY_NAM" = 'Parker' OR "COUNTY_NAM" = 'Reeves' OR "COUNTY_NAM" = 'Refugio'. 6) Click Apply to select the features and click Close to close the wizard. Department of Civil Engineering 6

7 Look at the selected features on the map. Do not clear or alter the selection; it will be used in the next part of the exercise. C. Selecting features by location In this part of the exercise, you will select features based on location by following the directions below. (1) Make the Texas_roads and texas_rivers layers visible. You will select the roads that share the same spatial location as the selected counties, i.e., in other words, you will select the roads and rivers that are contained by the selected counties. (2) Do this by clicking Selection/Select by Location. A dialog titled Select by Location opens. In the dialog, keep select features from as the option for Selection method: (3) Choose Texas_roads and texas_rivers as the Target layers and texas_counties as the Source layer. For the Spatial selection method, choose Target layer(s) features intersect the Source layer features. Make sure the Use selected features option is selected. Then, click Apply. Department of Civil Engineering 7

8 (4) Close the wizard and make the texas_counties layer invisible so that you can look at the selected features from the other two layers clearly. Department of Civil Engineering 8

9 2. GeoProcessing Wizard To learn how to use the GeoProcessing tools, you will use the data in the GeoWizard folder. The five feature classes used in this exercise are: A.shp and B.shp, which are polygon datasets C.shp, which is a line dataset, and D.shp and E.shp, which are point datasets A. Dissolve features The Dissolve function creates a new feature class/shapefile in which all features that have the same value for a given attribute are aggregated into a single record. It can be applied to one only dataset at a time; the user has the option of defining how attributes are recalculated. Before going into the details on how to use the GeoProcessing tools, add A.shp, B.shp, C.shp, D.shp, and E.shp from the GeoWizard folder to a new ArcMap document and save the document. B.shp defines the land that belongs to different people. Make all the layers invisible except B.shp. Right-click on B-layer and select Label Features. Notice that John and Melissa each have two separate parcels of land. In order to dissolve all the land that belongs to a person into a Department of Civil Engineering 9

(1) Click on ArcToolbox and select Data Management Tools/Generalization/Dissolve.

10 single record, you will have to use the dissolve function under the geoprocessing wizard. Do this by following the directions below. (1) Click on ArcToolbox and select Data Management Tools/Generalization/Dissolve. (2) In the wizard that opens, select B under Input Features, select BOWNER under Dissolve Field(s), choose the working folder, and enter B_Dissolve as the name for the output under Output Feature Class. Click OK. Department of Civil Engineering 10

You should see that in the attribute table of B, John and Melissa each have two rows.

11 (4) Open the attribute tables of B and B_DISSOLVE, and note that the number of polygons has dropped from 9 to 7 by comparing records in the attribute tables of B.shp and B_Dissolve.shp. After dissolving the dataset, the key attribute (i.e., BOWNER) is copied. You should see that in the attribute table of B, John and Melissa each have two rows. In the attribute table for B_Dissolve, they have only one. Select Melissa s row in B-Dissolve and note that both polygons belonging to her are selected. Department of Civil Engineering 11

B. Merge layers The Merge function creates a new feature class or shapefile from features of two or more feature classes or shapefiles, attributes of only one of the feature classes or shapefiles are

12 B. Merge layers The Merge function creates a new feature class or shapefile from features of two or more feature classes or shapefiles, attributes of only one of the feature classes or shapefiles are retained, and attributes of the other feature classes or shapefiles are retained only if they have the same name. The user has the option of selecting the dataset whose attributes will be retained. (1) Make all layers invisible except D and E. Change the symbology of these layers before merging them. Change the symbol of layer D to the type called Square2. (2) This can be done by left clicking on the layer symbol in the Table of Contents and choosing Square2 under Symbol in the Symbol Selector. (3) Similarly, change the symbol of layer E to the type called Circle 2. You then need to right-click on the layer E and go to Data/Export Data. Make sure that the option All features is selected next to Export and that you Use the same coordinate system as the layer s source data. Name the layer Merge and save as a shape file. (4) You will now merge D.shp and E.shp so that all the precipitation stations are in the same dataset. Do this by clicking on ArcToolbox/Data Management Department of Civil Engineering 12

13 Tools/General/Append. Under Input Datasets click setsthe drop down box, select the layer D, and in the Target Dataset select the layer Merge. Select NO TEST under Schema Type. Click OK. The layers will now be merged. Department of Civil Engineering 13

14 C. Clip layers The Clip function creates a new feature class by clipping an input feature class with another clipping polygon feature class. The attributes of the input feature class are not altered (including the geometry). In this exercise, you are going to clip road features from C.shp using selected the features of B_Dissolve. Before going into the process of clipping: (1) Select John s property in the attribute table of B_Dissolve. (2) In the field named BOWNER find John and select the record by clicking on the box located on the left most part of the record. (3) In the Table of Contents, change the order of the layers so that C is above B_Dissolve. Make all the layers invisible except C and B_Dissolve. (4) You then need to export the selected features. Right click on the B_Dissolve click on Data/Export Data. Make sure Selected features is chosen next to Export and name the layer JohnExport. Click OK. You are now ready to begin clipping the data: (5) Click on ArcToolbox/Analysis Tools/Extract/Clip. (6) Select C as the option for Input Features, choose JohnExport for Clip Features, enter the name for new clip shapefile as C_ClipJohn and click OK. Department of Civil Engineering 14

class/shapefile with the polygons of an overlay feature class/shapefile. Resulting features have attributes from both feature classes/shapefiles.

15 (7) A new layer will be added to the data frame. To see features of only the new layer make all layers invisible except C_ClipJohn. D. Intersect layers The Intersect function creates a new feature class/shapefile in which the features are the result of intersecting the features of an input feature class/shapefile with the polygons of an overlay feature class/shapefile. Resulting features have attributes from both feature classes/shapefiles. In this part of the exercise, you will be intersecting A (input) and B (overlay) so that for each resulting polygon, the mass of fertilizer per unit area and the owner are a unique combination of values. Department of Civil Engineering 15

(1) In ArcMap, make only layers A and B visible. If the layers have the same symbol color, change the color so that they can be distinguished. Now you will intersect the layers.

Click OK and a new layer will be added to the data frame. E.

16 (1) In ArcMap, make only layers A and B visible. If the layers have the same symbol color, change the color so that they can be distinguished. Now you will intersect the layers. (2) Click on the ArcToolbox/Analysis Tools/Overlay/Intersect. (3) Select A and B layers as the Input Features and name the Output Feature Class shapefile as ABIntersect. Click OK and a new layer will be added to the data frame. E. Union layers The Union function creates a new feature class/shapefile by combining the polygons of an input feature class/shapefile with the polygons of an overlay feature class/shapefile. The resulting dataset has the extent of both. Only two polygon datasets can participate in a Department of Civil Engineering 16

17 union at a one time. Union is very similar to Intersect, but in Union the parts of the polygons that do not intersect have a value of zero for the non-defined attributes. In this part of the exercise, you will union A (input) and B (overlay), so that for each resulting polygon, the mass of fertilizer per unit area and the owner are a unique combination of values. (1) In ArcMap, make only layers A and B visible. If the layers have the same symbol color, change the color so they can be distinguished. You will now union the layers. (2) Click on the ArcToolbox/Analysis Tools/Overlay/Union. (3) Then select A and B under Input Features and name the shapefile ABUnion Click OK. A new layer will be added to the data frame. Department of Civil Engineering 17

18 Save the ArcMap file. Keep this tutorial open; you will use it for the next section of this exercise. 3. Tabular Analysis A. Joining tables Joining tables involves appending the attributes of a source table to a target table, where the records are related through key fields in each table. The tables do not necessarily have to be attribute tables. In this part of the exercise, you will join an attribute table (shapefile) to a stand-alone table. Here, we will use the TX_Cities shapefile and the CityInfo table containing population information of the cities. Both files are located in the TableAnal folder. (1) Open a new ArcMap document by selecting the new file icon in the toolbar. To the data frame in the new ArcMap document, add TX_cities.shp and CityInfo.dbf from the TabAnal folder using the Add Data tool. If the table is not visible in the Table of Contents, change the view to List by Source. (2) Open the attribute table of the TX_Cities shapefile and open the CityInfo table. You should observe that the cities shapefile has 3 fields: FID, Shape*, and CITYNAME. The CityInfo table has 6 fields: OID, CITY_NAME, COUNTY, SIZE, POP_2000 and POP_1990. Here, population is given in thousands. You will now join the fields of the CityInfo table to the TX_Cities shapefile using the key fields (i.e., CITYNAME from shapefile and CITY_NAME from the table). Department of Civil Engineering 18

19 (3) Close the tables and then right-click on the TX_cities layer, point to Joins and Relates, click on Join. In the Join Data window that appears, choose Join attributes from a table for What do you want to join to this layer?, select CITYNAME for Choose the field in this layer that the join will be based on, select CityInfo in the next dropdown, insert a check mark for Show the attribute tables of layer in this list, choose CITY_NAME for Choose the field in the table to base the join on, and click OK. (Click No for Create Index if a warning dialog pops up.) (4) To see the join, open the attribute table of the TX_Cities layer. You will see that the number of fields has increased. The join is temporary; it will vanish if you close the ArcMap document without saving it. Department of Civil Engineering 19

(5) To make the join permanent, export the shapefile as a new shapefile by right clicking on the TX_Cities layer, pointing to Data and then clicking on Export data.

20 (5) To make the join permanent, export the shapefile as a new shapefile by right clicking on the TX_Cities layer, pointing to Data and then clicking on Export data. (6) Choose to export All Features and Use the same coordinate system as this layer s source data. Select the folder and enter a name for the new shapefile. Click OK and Yes to add exported data to the map as a layer. (7) You can now remove the join, by right clicking on the TX_Cities layer, pointing to Joins and Relates/ Remove join(s)/cityinfo. If you open the attribute table of TX_Cities layer, you will see that original table has been restored. For the next part of the exercise, keep this document open. B. Relating tables In the case of a one-to-many relation, joining tables is not a recommended option as one of the many records will be randomly picked for the join; relating tables is the solution to this scenario. Relating tables involves relating the records of a source table to the records of a target table through key fields defined for each of the two tables. For example, as a county can have more than one city, it is better to relate them rather than join them. (1) Add the TX_counties shapefile from the TabAnal folder using the Add Data tool to the data frame in the ArcMap document. (2) Make sure that the new Join layer above the counties layer in the Table of Contents. You will now relate the fields of the counties layer to the newly exported and created shapefile using the key fields (i.e., NAME_LOCAS from the TX_counties shapefile and COUNTY from the Join shapefile). (3) Right-click on the TX_counties layer, point to Joins and Relates, click on Relate. In the form that opens, select NAME_LOCAS for Choose the field in this layer that the relate will be based on, select the Join layer in the next dropdown menu, choose COUNTY Department of Civil Engineering 20

21 for Choose the field in the related table or layer to base the relate on:, let Relate1 be the name for the relation and click OK. (4) To see how the relate works, open the attribute table of TX_counties by right clicking on the layer and then clicking on Open Attribute Table. In the TX_counties attribute table, select any record you want by clicking on the box located on the left-most side of a record. (5) At the bottom on the table, click Show selected records, and then click Options/Related Tables/Relate1: Join. The CityInfo table opens up in which the related rows are selected. Department of Civil Engineering 21

22 (6) You can also see the selected features on the map by closing the attribute tables. Keep this document open as you will be using it for the next section of the exercise. Department of Civil Engineering 22

23 C. Attribute statistics The statistics of the attributes of selected records for a given field are obtained using the Statistics function. (1) Clear all selected features from the ArcMap document using Selection/Clear selected features. (2) Make the TX_Counties layer invisible so that you can see only the point features of the Join layer. Open the attribute table of the Join layer by right clicking on it and then clicking on Open Attribute Table. (3) Select 5 to 7 records of your choice in the attribute table. After selecting the records, right-click on the field name POP_2000 and then click on Statistics. Look at the frequency distribution and then close the statistics window and table. Department of Civil Engineering 23

D. Summarizing tables Summarizing tables involves aggregating all the records that have the same value for a userdefined key field into a single record.

24 D. Summarizing tables Summarizing tables involves aggregating all the records that have the same value for a userdefined key field into a single record. The values of other fields are aggregated based on userdefined options. For this part of the exercise, you will again use the Join layer. (1) Before going further, clear all selected features from the map by clicking on Selection/Clear selected features. (2) You will now summarize the SIZE field. This field contains 6 different values, Community, Large City, Large Town, Major City, Small City, and Town, which are all based on city population values. Using the Summarize function, you will obtain a table that gives the city count for each type. (3) Open the attribute table of the Join layer if it is not already open by right clicking on it and then clicking on Open Attribute Table. (4) Find the SIZE field in the table. Right-click on this field and then click on Summarize. Using all the default options in the wizard that opens, specify the output file name as OutTable and the filetype as dbase Table. Department of Civil Engineering 24

25 (5) Click OK. Click Yes to add the new dbf table to the map. Open the dbf table and see the fields SIZE and count_size. 4. Spatial Join Department of Civil Engineering 25

26 The Spatial Join function appends the attributes of a record of a source feature class/shapefile to a record of a target feature class/shapefile with which it shares the same location and creates a new feature class/shapefile. In this part of the exercise, you are going to spatially join a shapefile with another. You will again use the TX_cities and TX_Counties shapefiles. (Note: First, you must make sure that both layers have a defined projection. Open ArcCatalog and browse to the shapefiles. Right click on each shapefile, go to Properties/XY Coordinate System. You will see that TX_Counties does not have a projection defined. Click on Import and browse to TX_Cities. Select the TX_Cities shapefile, click Add, and then Apply. Now remove TX_Counties from the ArcMap document by right clicking on it in the Table of Contents and then Remove. Add the TX_Counties shapefile back to the ArcMap document. Now, proceed with the steps below to perform a spatial join.) (1) If there are any features selected in the ArcMap document, clear them by clicking on Selection/Clear selected features. In this part of the exercise, you will join the TX_Cities layer with the TX_counites layer based on an Inside relation, i.e., joining cities point features with the county polygons in which they lay. (2) Make both layers visible then right-click on the TX_cities layer, point to Joins and Relates, and click on Join. (3) In the form that opens, choose Join data from another layer based on spatial location for What do you want to join to this layer?, select TX_counties for Choose the layer to join to this layer, or load spatial data from disk, select the option it falls inside, choose the working folder for the output shapefile and enter the name SpatialJoin. Department of Civil Engineering 26

but the number of fields increases, as the fields from both TX_Cities and TX_counties

27 (4) Click OK. A new layer is added to the data frame that contains features belonging to TX_Cities, but the number of fields increases, as the fields from both TX_Cities and TX_counties are included. Open the attribute tables of the new layer and TX_Cities so that you can observe the increase in number of fields. Department of Civil Engineering 27

5. Buffers The Buffer function creates a polygon graphic or a new polygon feature class in which the outlines are at a given distance from buffered graphics or features of a feature class/shapefile.

28 5. Buffers The Buffer function creates a polygon graphic or a new polygon feature class in which the outlines are at a given distance from buffered graphics or features of a feature class/shapefile. This applies to one feature class only. Buffers can be created in three different ways: single area at a given distance, single area at a distance defined in an attribute of the buffered features, or multiple areas at distances multiple of a given value. Now close the previous ArcMap document and open a new one. To the data frame in this document, add C.shp from the Geowizard folder using the Add Data tool. You will now create a multiple (3) buffer of 1 km around the roads. (1) In the map, click on ArcToolbox/Analysis Tools/Proximity/Multiple Ring Buffer. (2) For the Input Features, select the C shapefile; for the Output Feature Class, type Buffer; click Save. Under distance, enter 1, then click the Plus sign, then 2, then click the Plus sign, and then 3, and then click the plus sign. In Buffer Units, click on Kilometers and make sure the Dissolve Option/All is selected. Click OK. Department of Civil Engineering 28

(3) A new layer is added to the data frame, which contains the buffered features. Look at its attribute table by right clicking on the new layer, and then clicking on Open Attribute Table.

29 (3) A new layer is added to the data frame, which contains the buffered features. Look at its attribute table by right clicking on the new layer, and then clicking on Open Attribute Table. Move the layer C on top of the Buffer layer to get a better idea of the results. These materials may be used for research and educational purposes only. Please credit the authors and the Department of Civil Engineering,. All commercial rights reserved. Copyright 2011:. Department of Civil Engineering 29

Compilation of GIS data for the Lower Brazos River basin

Compilation of GIS data for the Lower Brazos River basin Prepared by Francisco Olivera, Ph.D., P.E., Srikanth Koka, and Lauren Walker Department of Civil Engineering October 2, 2006 Contents: Brief Overview