File and Disk Encryption
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1 File and Disk Encryption Alex Applegate 1
2 Overview Common Weak Encryption Stronger Methods Threat From File Encryption Full Disk Encryption (FDE) Threat From FDE 2
3 Common Types of Weak File Encryption Caesar Cipher Add a fixed displacement to each clear text letter to encrypt Subtract the same value from each cipher text character to decrypt Microsoft and others often use ROT13 3
4 Caesar Cipher 4
5 ROT13 (Rotate 13) 5
6 Common Types of Weak File Encryption Atbash Cipher Alphabet shifted to its reverse equivalent Variable displacement 6
7 Common Types of Weak File Encryption XOR masking (Variant of Vigenere cipher) A fixed-length value (key) is XOR d to clear text Same value is XOR d to cipher text to restore Common technique for malware 7
8 Common Types of Weak File Encryption Substitution Cipher Monoalphabetic Caesar Atbash Complex or deranged alphabet Based on a keyword that displaces the remaining alphabet Homophonic One plaintext letter maps to more than one ciphertext symbol Polyalphabetic Multiple full cipher alphabets are employed Uses tableau similar to substitution table/ codebook/ s-box Polygraphic Plaintext letters are substituted in groups instead of individually 8
9 English Character Distributions 9
10 Stronger Encryption Methods Microsoft has an encryption specification for its MS Office and Outlook products Always the same Available to Law Enforcement and Manufacturers Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) The current industry standard Key lengths are powers of two (128, 256, 1024, 2048) 10
11 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 11
12 AES cont d Image Source: 12
13 Stronger Encryption Methods One-Time Pad Mathematically unbreakable under ideal conditions Pad as long as message Truly random Only used once Entirely secret from anyone but the sender and receiver May be substitution based or combination based 13
14 Threat From File Encryption For file encryption, the data is often stored on the disk and then translated, so both the key and the original clear text data are often able to be found Most commercial tools can handle file encryption and compression without too much difficulty (working with noncorrupted sources) 14
15 Full Disk Encryption (FDE) Available as part of major platforms FileVault comes with Apple Operating Systems BitLocker comes with higher end Microsoft systems TrueCrypt is available from TrueCrypt.org Properly configured, only encrypted data is written to the disk 15
16 FileVault 16
17 BitLocker 17
18 TrueCrypt 18
19 Threat from FDE Fortunately, most users do not use FDE Some versions of BitLocker keep the encryption key on a USB Trusted Platform BitLocker was shown to be susceptible to privilege escalation attacks FileVault has largely been defeated forensically (e.g. VileVault) FDE developers state encrypted drives cannot be proven to be distinguishable from random data 19
20 TrueCrypt Hidden Volume Source: TrueCrypt.org 20
21 TrueCrypt Decoy OS Source: TrueCrypt.org 21
22 Summary Common Weak Encryption Stronger Methods Threat From File Encryption Full Disk Encryption (FDE) Threat From FDE 22
23 Disk and File Encryption QUESTIONS? 23
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