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1 Cryptography and Network Security )( ) Downloaded From (
2 )( ) Downloaded From (
3 Introduction The art of war teaches us not on the likelihood of the enemy s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable. --The art of War, Sun Tzu )( ) Downloaded From (
4 Information Transferring )( ) Downloaded From (
5 Attack: Interruption )( ) Downloaded From (
6 Attack: Interception )( ) Downloaded From (
7 Attack: Modification )( ) Downloaded From (
8 Attack: Fabrication )( ) Downloaded From (
9 Attacks, Services and Mechanisms! Security Attacks " Action compromises the information security! Security Services " Enhances the security of data processing and transferring! Security mechanism " Detect, prevent and recover from a security attack )( ) Downloaded From (
10 Important Features of Security! Confidentiality, authentication, integrity, non-repudiation, non-deny, availability, identification, )( ) Downloaded From (
11 ! Passive attacks " Interception Attacks # Release of message contents # Traffic analysis! Active attacks " Interruption, modification, fabrication # Masquerade # Replay # Modification # Denial of service )( ) Downloaded From (
12 Network Security Model Trusted Third Party principal principal Security transformation Downloaded From ( Security transformation opponent )( )
13 Cryptography! Cryptography is the study of " Secret (crypto-) writing (-graphy)! Concerned with developing algorithms: " Conceal the context of some message from all except the sender and recipient (privacy or secrecy), and/or "Verify the correctness of a message to the recipient (authentication) "Form the basis of many technological solutions to computer and communications security problems )( ) Downloaded From (
14 ! Cryptography Basic Concepts " The art or science encompassing the principles and methods of transforming an intelligible message into one that is unintelligible, and then retransforming that message back to its original form! Plaintext " The original intelligible message! Ciphertext " The transformed message )( ) Downloaded From (
15 ! Cipher Basic Concepts " An algorithm for transforming an intelligible message into unintelligible by transposition and/or substitution! Key " Some critical information used by the cipher, known only to the sender & receiver! Encipher (encode) " The process of converting plaintext to ciphertext! Decipher (decode) " The process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext )( ) Downloaded From (
16 ! Cryptanalysis Basic Concepts " The study of principles and methods of transforming an unintelligible message back into an intelligible message without knowledge of the key. Also called codebreaking! Cryptology " Both cryptography and cryptanalysis! Code " An algorithm for transforming an intelligible message into an unintelligible one using a code-book )( ) Downloaded From (
17 Encryption and Decryption Plaintext Decipher P = D (K2) (C) Encipher C = E (K1) (P) K1, K2: from keyspace ciphertext Downloaded From (
18 Security! Two fundamentally different security " Unconditional security # No matter how much computer power is available, the cipher cannot be broken " Computational security # Given limited computing resources (e.g time needed for calculations is greater than age of universe), the cipher cannot be broken )( ) Downloaded From (
19 ! Ancient ciphers History " Have a history of at least 4000 years " Ancient Egyptians enciphered some of their hieroglyphic writing on monuments " Ancient Hebrews enciphered certain words in the scriptures " 2000 years ago Julius Caesar used a simple substitution cipher, now known as the Caesar cipher " Roger bacon described several methods in 1200s )( ) Downloaded From (
20 ! Ancient ciphers History " Geoffrey Chaucer included several ciphers in his works " Leon Alberti devised a cipher wheel, and described the principles of frequency analysis in the 1460s " Blaise de Vigenère published a book on cryptology in 1585, & described the polyalphabetic substitution cipher " Increasing use, esp in diplomacy & war over centuries )( ) Downloaded From (
21 Classical Cryptographic Techniques! Two basic components of classical ciphers: " Substitution: letters are replaced by other letters " Transposition: letters are arranged in a different order! These ciphers may be: " Monoalphabetic: only one substitution/ transposition is used, or " Polyalphabetic:where several substitutions/ transpositions are used! Product cipher: " several ciphers concatenated together )( ) Downloaded From (
22 Plaintext Encryption and Decryption ciphertext Encipher C = E (K) (P) Decipher P = D (K) (C) Key source )( ) Downloaded From (
23 Key Management! Using secret channel! Encrypt the key! Third trusted party! The sender and the receiver generate key " The key must be same )( ) Downloaded From (
24 ! Recover the message Attacks! Recover the secret key " Thus also the message! Thus the number of keys possible must be large! )( ) Downloaded From (
25 ! Ciphertext only " Algorithm, ciphertext! Known plaintext Possible Attacks " Algorithm, ciphertext, plaintext-ciphertext pair! Chosen plaintext " Algorithm, ciphertext, chosen plaintext and its ciphertext! Chosen ciphertext " Algorithm, ciphertext, chosen ciphertext and its plaintext! Chosen text " Algorithm, ciphertext, chosen plaintext and ciphertext )( ) Downloaded From (
26 Steganography! Conceal the existence of message " Character marking " Invisible ink " Pin punctures " Typewriter correction ribbon! Cryptography renders message unintelligible! )( ) Downloaded From (
27 Contemporary Equiv.! Least significant bits of picture frames " 2048x3072 pixels with 24-bits RGB info " Able to hide 2.3M message! Drawbacks " Large overhead " Virtually useless if system is known )( ) Downloaded From (
28 Caesar Cipher! Replace each letter of message by a letter a fixed distance away (use the 3rd letter on)! Reputedly used by Julius Caesar! Example: L FDPH L VDZ L FRQTXHUHG I CAME I SAW I CONGUERED " The mapping is ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABC )( ) Downloaded From (
29 ! Description Mathematical Model " Encryption E (k) : i i + k mod 26 " Decryption D (k) : i i - k mod 26 )( ) Downloaded From (
30 Cryptanalysis: Caesar Cipher! Key space: 26 " Exhaustive key search! Example " GDUCUGQFRMPCNJYACJCRRCPQ HEVDVHRGSNQDOKZBDKDSSDQR " Plaintext: JGXFXJTIUPSFQMBDFMFUUFSTKHYGYKUJVGRNCEGNG VVGTU " Ciphertext: LIZHZLVKWRUHSODFHOHWWHUVMJAIAMWXSVITPEGI PIXXIVW )( ) Downloaded From (
31 Character Frequencies! In most languages letters are not equally common " in English e is by far the most common letter! Have tables of single, double & triple letter frequencies! Use these tables to compare with letter frequencies in ciphertext, " a monoalphabetic substitution does not change relative letter frequencies " do need a moderate amount of ciphertext (100+ letters) )( ) Downloaded From (
32 Letter Frequency Analysis! Single Letter " A,B,C,D,E,..! Double Letter " TH,HE,IN,ER,RE,ON,AN,EN,.! Triple Letter " THE,AND,TIO,ATI,FOR,THA,TER,RES, )( ) Downloaded From (
33 Modular Arithmetic Cipher! Use a more complex equation to calculate the ciphertext letter for each plaintext letter! E (a,b) : i a i + b mod 26 " Need gcd(a,26) = 1 " Otherwise, not reversible " So, a 2, 13, 26 " Caesar cipher: a=1 )( ) Downloaded From (
34 ! Key space:23*26 " Brute force search Cryptanalysis! Use letter frequency counts to guess a couple of possible letter mappings " frequency pattern not produced just by a shift " use these mappings to solve 2 simultaneous equations to derive above parameters )( ) Downloaded From (
35 Playfair Cipher Used in WWI and WWII s e f o v i/j a g q w m b h r x Key: simple p c k t y Downloaded From ( l d n u z )( )
36 Playfair Cipher! Use filler letter to separate repeated letters! Encrypt two letters together " Same row followed letters # ac--bd " Same column letters under # qw--wi " Otherwise square s corner at same row # ar--bq )( ) Downloaded From (
37 Analysis! Size of diagrams: 25!! Difficult using frequency analysis " But it still reveals the frequency information )( ) Downloaded From (
38 ! Encryption Hill Cipher " Assign each letter an index " C=KP mod 26 " Matrix K is the key! Decryption " P=K -1 C mod 26 )( ) Downloaded From (
39 Analysis! Difficult to use frequency analysis! But vulnerable to known-plaintext attack )( ) Downloaded From (
40 Polyalphabetic Substitution! Use more than one substitution alphabet! Makes cryptanalysis harder " since have more alphabets to guess " and flattens frequency distribution # same plaintext letter gets replaced by several ciphertext letter, depending on which alphabet is used )( ) Downloaded From (
41 Vigenère Cipher! Basically multiple Caesar ciphers! key is multiple letters long " K = k 1 k 2... k d " ith letter specifies ith alphabet to use " use each alphabet in turn, repeating from start after d letters in message! Plaintext THISPROCESSCANALSOBEEXPRESSED Keyword CIPHERCIPHERCIPHERCIPHERCIPHE Ciphertext VPXZTIQKTZWTCVPSWFDMTETIGAHLH )( ) Downloaded From (
42 One-time Pad! Gilbert Vernam (AT&T)! Encryption " C=P K! Decryption " P=C K! Difficulty: key K is as long as message P )( ) Downloaded From (
43 Transposition Methods! Permutation of plaintext! Example " Write in a square in row, then read in column order specified by the key! Enhance: double or triple transposition " Can reapply the encryption on ciphertext )( ) Downloaded From (
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