Brief Contents. Acknowledgments... xv. Introduction Chapter 1: Starting Your Project Chapter 2: Modules, Libraries, and Frameworks...

Transcription

1 Brief Contents Acknowledgments... xv Introduction... 1 Chapter 1: Starting Your Project Chapter 2: Modules, Libraries, and Frameworks Chapter 3: Documentation and Good API Practice Chapter 4: Handling Timestamps and Time Zones Chapter 5: Distributing Your Software Chapter 6: Unit Testing Chapter 7: Methods and Decorators Chapter 8: Functional Programming Chapter 9: The Abstract Syntax Tree, Hy, and Lisp-like Attributes Chapter 10: Performances and Optimizations Chapter 11: Scaling and Architecture Chapter 12: Managing Relational Databases Chapter 13: Write Less, Code More Index

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3 Contents in Detail Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Who Should Read This Book and Why About This Book Starting Your Project 5 Versions of Python... 5 Laying Out Your Project... 7 What to Do... 7 What Not to Do... 8 Version Numbering... 8 Coding Style and Automated Checks Tools to Catch Style Errors Tools to Catch Coding Errors Joshua Harlow on Python Modules, Libraries, and Frameworks 15 The Import System The sys Module Import Paths Custom Importers Meta Path Finders Useful Standard Libraries External Libraries The External Libraries Safety Checklist Protecting Your Code with an API Wrapper Package Installation: Getting More from pip Using and Choosing Frameworks Doug Hellmann, Python Core Developer, on Python Libraries Documentation and Good API Practice 33 Documenting with Sphinx Getting Started with Sphinx and rest Sphinx Modules Writing a Sphinx Extension Managing Changes to Your APIs Numbering API Versions... 41

4 Documenting Your API Changes Marking Deprecated Functions with the warnings Module Summary Christophe de Vienne on Developing APIs Handling Timestamps and Time Zones 49 The Problem of Missing Time Zones Building Default datetime Objects Time Zone Aware Timestamps with dateutil Serializing Time Zone Aware datetime Objects Solving Ambiguous Times Summary Distributing Your Software 57 A Bit of setup.py History Packaging with setup.cfg The Wheel Format Distribution Standard Sharing Your Work with the World Entry Points Visualizing Entry Points Using Console Scripts Using Plugins and Drivers Summary Nick Coghlan on Packaging Unit Testing 75 The Basics of Testing Some Simple Tests Skipping Tests Running Particular Tests Running Tests in Parallel Creating Objects Used in Tests with Fixtures Running Test Scenarios Controlled Tests Using Mocking Revealing Untested Code with coverage Virtual Environments Setting Up a Virtual Environment Using virtualenv with tox Re-creating an Environment Using Different Python Versions Integrating Other Tests Testing Policy Robert Collins on Testing xii Contents in Detail

5 7 Methods and Decorators 99 Decorators and When to Use Them Creating Decorators Writing Decorators Stacking Decorators Writing Class Decorators How Methods Work in Python Static Methods Class Methods Abstract Methods Mixing Static, Class, and Abstract Methods Putting Implementations in Abstract Methods The Truth About super Summary Functional Programming 119 Creating Pure Functions Generators Creating a Generator Returning and Passing Values with yield Inspecting Generators List Comprehensions Functional Functions Functioning Applying Functions to Items with map() Filtering Lists with filter() Getting Indexes with enumerate() Sorting a List with sorted() Finding Items That Satisfy Conditions with any() and all() Combining Lists with zip() A Common Problem Solved Useful itertools Functions Summary The Abstract Syntax Tree, Hy, and Lisp-like Attributes 135 Looking at the AST Writing a Program Using the AST The AST Objects Walking Through an AST Extending flake8 with AST Checks Writing the Class Ignoring Irrelevant Code Checking for the Correct Decorator Looking for self A Quick Introduction to Hy Summary Paul Tagliamonte on the AST and Hy Contents in Detail xiii

6 10 Performances and Optimizations 151 Data Structures Understanding Behavior Through Profiling cprofile Disassembling with the dis Module Defining Functions Efficiently Ordered Lists and bisect namedtuple and Slots Memoization Faster Python with PyPy Achieving Zero Copy with the Buffer Protocol Summary Victor Stinner on Optimization Scaling and Architecture 177 Multithreading in Python and Its Limitations Multiprocessing vs. Multithreading Event-Driven Architecture Other Options and asyncio Service-Oriented Architecture Interprocess Communication with ZeroMQ Summary Managing Relational Databases 187 RDBMSs, ORMs, and When to Use Them Database Backends Streaming Data with Flask and PostgreSQL Writing the Data-Streaming Application Building the Application Dimitri Fontaine on Databases Write Less, Code More 201 Using six for Python 2 and 3 Support Strings and Unicode Handling Python Modules Moves The modernize Module Using Python Like Lisp to Make a Single Dispatcher Creating Generic Methods in Lisp Generic Methods with Python Context Managers Less Boilerplate with attr Summary Index 215