PYTHON. p ykos vtawynivis. Second eciitiovl. CO Ve, WESLEY J. CHUN

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1 CO Ve, PYTHON p ykos vtawynivis Second eciitiovl WESLEY J. CHUN. PRENTICE HALL Upper Saddle River, NJ Boston Indianapolis San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris Madrid Capetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City

2 /rrp_ ir Preface Acknowledgments PART 1: CORE PYTHON 2 I WELCOME TO PYTHON! What Is Python? Origins Features Downloading and Installing Python 1.5 Running Python I3 1.6 Python Documentation Comparing Python 23

3 2.19 Modules 52 Contents 1.8 Other Implementations Exercises 27 2 GETTING STARTED Program Output, the print Statement, and "Hello World!" Program Input and the raw_input ( ) Built-in Function Comments Operators Variables and Assignment Numbers Strings Lists and Tuples Dictionaries Code Blocks Use Indentation if Statement while Loop for Loop and the range ( ) Built-in Function List Comprehensions Files and the open ( ) and file () Built-in Functions Errors and Exceptions Functions Classes 50

4 Contents 2.20 Useful Functions Exercises 55 3 PYTHON BASICS Statements and Syntax Variable Assignment Identifiers Basic Style Guidelines Memory Management First Python Programs Related Modules/Developer Tools Exercises 85 4 PYTHON OBJECTS Python Objects Other Built-in Types Internat Types Standard Type Operators Standard Type Built-in Functions Categorizing the Standard Types I Unsupported Types Exercises 117 NUMBERS Introduction to Numbers Integers 122

5 xii Contents 5.3 Double Precision Floating Point Numbers Complex Numbers Operators Built-in and Factory Functions I Other Numeric Types Related Modules I Exercises SEQUENCES: STRINGS, LISTS, AND TUPLES Sequences I Strings Strings and Operators String-Only Operators I Built-in Functions String Built-in Methods I Special Features of Strings Unicode I Related Modules Summary of String Highlights Lists I 2 Operators Built-in Functions List Type Built-in Methods Special Features of Lists 224

6 Contents xiii 6.17 Tuple Operators and Built-in Functions Special Features of Tuples Related Modules *Copying Python Objects and Shallow and Deep Copies Summary of Sequences Exercises MAPPING AND SET TYPES Mapping Type: Dictionaries Mapping Type Operators Mapping Type Built-in and Factory Functions Mapping Type Built-in Methods Dictionary Keys Set Types Set Type Operators Built-in Functions Set Type Built-in Methods 28I 7.10 Operator, Function/Method Summary Table for Set Types Related Modules Exercises CONDITIONALS AND LOOPS if Statement 291

7 xiv Contents 8.3 elif (aka else if) Statement Conditional Expressions (aka "the Ternary Operator") while Statement for Statement break Statement continue Statement pass Statement eise Statement... Take Two I Iterators and the iter () Function List Comprehensions Generator Expressions Related Modules Exercises FILES AND INPUT/OUTPUT File Objects File Built-in Functions [open ( ) and Eile File Built-in Methods File Built-in Attributes Standard Files Command-Line Arguments File System File Execution Persistent Storage Modules 348

8 Contents xv 9.10 Related Modules I Exercises ERRORS AND EXCEPTIONS What Are Exceptions? Exceptions in Python Detecting and Handling Exceptions Context Management *Exceptions as Strings Raising Exceptions Assertions Standard Exceptions *Creating Exceptions Why Exceptions (Now)? Why Exceptions at All? Exceptions and the sys Module Related Modules Exercises 405 I I FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING What Are Functions? Calling Functions Creating Functions Passing Functions 426

9 xvi Contents 11.5 Formal Arguments Variable-Length Arguments Functional Programming Variable Scope *Recursion Generators Exercises MODULES What Are Modules? Modules and Files Namespaces Importing Modules Features of Module Import Module Built-in Functions Packages Other Features of Modules Related Modules 500 I2.10 Exercises OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Introduction Object-Oriented Programming Classes Class Attributes 520

10 Contents xvii 13.5 Instances Instance Attributes Binding and Method Invocation Static Methods and Class Methods Composition Subclassing and Derivation Inheritance Built-in Functions for Classes, Instances, and Other Objects Customizing Classes with Special Methods Privacy *Delegation Advanced Features of New-Style Classes (Python 2.2+) Related Modules and Documentation Exercises EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT Callable Objects Code Objects Executable Object Statements and Built-in Functions Executing Other (Python) Programs Executing Other (Non-Python) Programs Restricted Execution Terminating Execution Miscellaneous Operating System Interface 666

11 xviii Contents 14.9 Related Modules Exercises 668 PART I I : ADVANCED TOPICS REGULAR EXPRESSIONS Introduction/Motivation Special Symbols and Characters REs and Python Regular Expressions Example Exercises NETWORK PROGRAMMING Introduction Sockets: Communication Endpoints Network Programming in Python *SocketServer Module *Introduction to the Twisted Framework Related Modules Exercises INTERNET CLIENT PROGRAMMING What Are Internet Clients? Transferring Files Network News 756

12 Contents xix 17.4 Electronic Mail Related Modules Exercises MULTITHREADED PROGRAMMING Introduction/Motivation Threads and Processes Python, Threads, and the Global Interpreter Lock thread Module threading Module Related Modules Exercises GUI PROGRAMMING Introduction Tkinter and Python Programming Tkinter Examples Brief Tour of Other GUIs Related Modules and Other GUIs Exercises 85I 20 WEB PROGRAMMING Introduction Web Surfing with Python: Creating Simple Web Clients 859

13 )0: Contents 20.3 Advanced Web Clients CGI: Helping Web Servers Process Client Data Building CGI Applications Using Unicode with CGI Advanced CGI Web (HTTP) Servers Related Modules Exercises DATABASE PROGRAMMING I ntrod uction Python Database Application Programmer's Interface (DB-API) Object-Relational Managers (ORMs) Related Modules Exercises EXTENDING PYTHON Introduction/Motivation Extending Python by Writing Extensions Related Topics Exercises MISCELLANEOUS Web Services Programming Microsoft Office with Win32 COM 989

14 Contents xxi 23.3 Python and Java Programming with Jython Exercises 1006 Appendix A Answers to Selected Exercises 1011 Appendix B Reference Tables 1021 Index 1049