Cryptography CS 555. Topic 1: Course Overview & What is Cryptography
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1 Cryptography CS 555 Topic 1: Course Overview & What is Cryptography 1
2 Administrative Note Professor Blocki is traveling and will be back on Wednesday. Thanks to Professor Spafford for covering the first lecture! (also on syllabus) 2
3 What is Cryptography? the art of writing or solving codes Concise Oxford English Dictionary 3
4 What is Cryptography? the art of writing or solving codes Concise Oxford English Dictionary The study of mathematical techniques for securing digital information, systems and distributed computation against adversarial attacks. -- Intro to Modern Cryptography Art Late 20 th century Science 4
5 What Does It Mean to Secure Information Confidentiality (Security/Privacy) Only intended recipient can see the communication 5
6 What Does It Mean to Secure Information Confidentiality (Security/Privacy) Only intended recipient can see the communication Integrity (Authenticity) The message was actually sent by the alleged sender Bob I love you Alice - Bob We need to break up -Bob Alice 6
7 Two Attacker Models Passive Attacker Attacker can eavesdrop Protection Requires? Confidentiality Active Attacker Has full control over communication channel Protection Requires? Confidentiality & Integrity 7
8 Steganography vs Cryptography Steganography Goal: Hide existence of a message Invisible Ink, Tattoo Underneath Hair, Assumption: Method is secret 8
9 Steganography vs Cryptography Steganography Goal: Hide existence of a message Invisible Ink, Tattoo Underneath Hair, Assumption: Method is secret Cryptography Goal: Hide the meaning of a message Depends only on secrecy of a (short) key Kerckhoff s Principle: Cipher method should not be required to be secret. 9
10 Symmetric Key Encryption What cryptography has historically been all about (Pre 1970) Two parties (sender and receiver) share secret key Sender uses key to encrypt ( scramble ) the message before transmission Receiver uses the key to decrypt ( unscramble ) and recover the original message 10
11 Encryption: Basic Terminology Plaintext The original message m Plaintext Space (Message Space) The set M of all possible plaintext messages Example 1: M = aaaaaaaaaakk, rreeeeeeeeeett, hoooooo cccccccccccccc ppppppppppppppppp Example 2: M = 0,1 nn - all n bit messages Ciphertext c CC An encrypted ( scrambled ) message c CC (ciphertext space) Key/Keyspace k KK 11
12 Private Key Encryption Syntax Message Space: M Key Space: KK Three Algorithms Gen(RR) (Key-generation algorithm) Input: Random Bits R Output: Secret key k KK Enc k (mm) (Encryption algorithm) Input: Secret key k KK and message m M Output: ciphertext c Dec k (cc) (Decryption algorithm) Input: Secret key k KK and a ciphertex c Output: a plaintext message m M Typically picks k KK uniformly at random Trusted Parties (e.g., Alice and Bob) must run Gen in advance to obtain secret k. Assumption: Adversary does not get to see output of Gen Invariant: Dec k (Enc k (m))=m 12
13 Cryptography History years Ongoing battle Codemakers and codebreakers Formalization of Modern Crypto (1976+) Caesar Shift Cipher (50 BC) Shannon Entropy/Perfect Secrecy (~1950) 1970s Frequency Analysis Cipher Machines (1900s) Public Key Crypto/RSA 13
14 Who Uses Cryptography Traditionally: Militias Modern Times: Everyone! Caesar Shift Cipher (50 BC) Revolutionary War Modern Crypto 14
15 Course Goals Understand the mathematics underlying cryptographic algorithms and protocols Understand the power (and limitations) of common cryptographic tools Understand the formal approach to security in modern cryptography 15
16 Course Background Some probability Algorithms and complexity General Mathematical Maturity Understand what is (is not) a proper definition Know how to write a proof 16
17 Coming Up Classic Ciphers + Frequency Analysis Before Next Class Read: Katz and Lindell 1.3 Plus Katz and Lindell if you haven t already 17
18 18
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