History of HCI. Key people, events and ideas in HCI. Course Project introduction
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1 History of HCI Key people, events and ideas in HCI Course Project introduction
2 Agenda ØReview HCI s history v Key people and events
3 History of HCI ØDigital computer grounded in ideas from 1700 s & 1800 s ØTechnology became available in the 1940 s and 1950 s ØThe user concept is relatively new
4 History of HCI Ø Mechanical Computers Ø 1623 Schickard makes "Calculating Clock". 6-digit machine can add, subtract, bell indicates overflow. Ø 1674 Leibniz designs his "Stepped Reckoner Can multiply, with operands of up to 5 and 12 digits. User turns a crank for each unit in each digit Ø 1820 de Colmar makes "Arithmometer First mass-produced calculator. Does multiplication & division. It is also the most reliable calculator yet. Continue to be sold for about 90 years. Ø 1889 Felt invents the first printing desk calculator. Ø 1935 IBM introduces "IBM 601", punch card machine capable of 1 multiplication /second are made. Ø 1945 Mauchly & Eckert "ENIAC for ballistics. 30 tons, 1000 ft 2 of floor, 140 kilowatts of electricity, 17,468 vacuum tubes Ø Enigma: German coding machine in WWII
5 Batch Processing ØComputer had one task, performed sequentially ØNo interaction between operator and computer after starting the run ØPunch cards, tapes for input ØSerial operations
6 Paradigm Shifter: Vannevar Bush Ø As We May Think Atlantic Monthly publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. Ø Postulated Memex device v Stores all records/articles/communications v Items retrieved by indexing, keywords, cross references (now called hyperlinks) v (Envisioned as microfilm, not computer) Ø Interactive and nonlinear components are key
7 Mid 1960 s ØTimesharing mode of computing v Computers too expensive for individuals timesharing increased accessibility v interactive systems, not jobs v text processing, editing v , shared file system Need for HCI
8 Paradigm Shifter: J.R. Licklider Ø Postulated man-computer symbiosis ØCouple human brains and computing machines tightly to revolutionize information handling
9 Video Display Units ØMore suitable medium than paper ØSutherland s Sketchpad as landmark system ØComputers used for visualizing and manipulating data
10 Paradigm Shifter: Ivan Sutherland ØSketchPad - 63 PhD thesis at MIT v Hierarchy - pictures & subpictures v Master picture with instances (ie, OOP) v Constraints v Icons v Copying v Light pen for input v Recursive operations
11 Computers as Toolkits ØMultipurpose toolkits ØAbstracting out common tasks (tools) ØReusable elements ØAt the disposal of humans
12 Paradigm Shifter: Douglas Engelbart ØLandmark system/demo: v Mouse, windows v Hypertext v Multimedia v High-res display, v Shared files, CSCW, v Electronic messaging, teleconferencing,... ØInventor of mouse
13 Paradigm Shifter: Alan Kay Ø Personal Computing ØDynabook: Notebook sized computer loaded with multimedia and can store everything ØDesktop interface metaphor
14 Paradigm Shifter: Ted Nelson ØComputers can help people, not just business ØCoined term hypertext
15 Personal Computers Ø1974 IBM 5100 Ø1981 Datamaster Ø1981 IBM XT/AT v Text and command-based v Sold lots v Performed lots of tasks the general public wanted done v A good basic toolkit Ø1978 VisiCalc
16 Personal Computing ØSystem is more powerful if it s easier to use ØSmall, powerful machines dedicated to individual ØImportance of networks and time-sharing ØKay s Dynabook, IBM PC ØTime names The Computer Man of the Year, 1982 (
17 WIMP ØWindows, Icons, Menus, Pointers ØTimesharing=multiusers; now we need multitasking ØWIMP interface allows you to do several things simultaneously ØHas become the familiar GUI interface ØXerox Alto, Star; early Apples
18 PCs with GUIs ØXerox PARC - mid 1970 s ØAlto v local processor, bitmap display, mouse v Precursor to modern GUI, windows, menus, scrollbars v LAN - ethernet
19 Ø First commercial PC designed for business professionals v desktop metaphor, pointing, WYSIWYG, consistency and simplicity Ø First system based on usability v Paper prototyping and analysis v Usability testing & iterative refinement Ø Commercial flop v $15k cost v closed architecture v lacking key functionality (spreadsheet) Xerox Star - 81
20 Apple Lisa - 82 ØBased on ideas of Star ØMore personal rather than office tool v Still $$$ ØFailure (why?)
21 ØAggressive pricing - $2500 ØNot trailblazer, smart copier ØGood interface guidelines Ø3 rd party applications ØHigh quality graphics and laser printer Apple Macintosh - 84
22 Direct Manipulation Ø 82 Shneiderman describes appeal of graphically-based interaction v object visibility v incremental action and rapid feedback v reversibility encourages exploration v replace language with action v syntactic correctness of all actions ØWYSIWYG, Apple Mac
23 Metaphor ØRelating computing to real-world activity is effective learning mechanism v File management on office desktop v Financial analysis as spreadsheets ØThe dreaded dead metaphor v Examples?
24 Speech, Language? ØActions do not always speak louder than words ØInterface as mediator or agent ØLanguage paradigm ØHow good does it need to be? v Tricks, vocabulary, domains ØHow human do we want it to be? v (HAL, Bob, PaperClip, Siri, Alexa)
25 Multimodality ØMode is a human communication channel v Not just the senses e.g., speech and non-speech audio are two modes ØEmphasis on simultaneous use of multiple channels for I/O
26 Hypertext Ø Think of information not as linear flow but as interconnected nodes Ø Nelson s hypertext Ø Bush s MEMEX Ø Non-linear browsing Ø WWW 93 Ø Hypermedia
27 The Interconnected Web ØThe Network is the Computer e.g.
28 CSCW ØComputer-Supported Cooperative Work ØNo longer single user/single system ØMicro-social aspects are crucial Ø as prominent success but other groupware still not widely used
29 Ubiquity ØPerson is no longer user of virtual device but occupant of virtual, computationally-rich environment ØCan no longer neglect macro-social aspects ØLate 90s - PDAs, VEs,... Ø2000 s - mobile phones, smartphones ØNow? Social impacts: police, travel, protest, concerts, sports
30 Upcoming ØTeam Science ØFrameworks of HCI and Design ØUser Centered Design Process ØUsability Principles ØWIKI ØProject teams and ideas
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