Table of Contents. Foreword... Ronnie BELMANS

Transcription

1 Foreword... Ronnie BELMANS xv Chapter 1. SmartGrids: Motivation, Stakes and Perspectives... 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 1.1. Introduction The new energy paradigm Information and communication technologies serving the electrical system Integration of advanced technologies The European energy perspective Shift to electricity as an energy carrier (vector) Main triggers of the development of SmartGrids Definitions of SmartGrids Objectives addressed by the SmartGrid concept Specific case of transmission grids Specific case of distribution grids The desired development of distribution networks: towards smarter grids Socio-economic and environmental objectives Stakeholders involved the implementation of the SmartGrid concept Research and scientific aspects of the SmartGrid Examples of the development of innovative concepts Scientific, technological, commercial and sociological challenges Preparing the competences needed for the development of SmartGrids... 30

2 vi SmartGrids Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 2. From the SmartGrid to the Smart Customer: the Paradigm Shift Catherine FAILLIET 2.1. Key trends The crisis Environmental awareness New technologies The evolution of the individual s relationship to energy Curiosity The need for transparency Responsibility The historical model of energy companies Incumbents in a natural monopoly A clear focus on technical knowledge Undeveloped customer relationships SmartGrids from the customer s point of view The first step: the data revolution The second step: the establishment of a smart ecosystem The consumers reluctance What about possible business models? An unprecedented global buzz and the search for a business model Government research into a virtuous model of regulation An opening for new stakeholders Bibliography Chapter 3. Transmission Grids: Stakeholders in SmartGrids Hervé MIGNON 3.1. A changing energy context: the development of renewable energies A changing energy context: new modes of consumption New challenges An evolving transmission grid Conclusion Bibliography... 77

3 vii Chapter 4. SmartGrids and Energy Management Systems Jean-Louis COULLON 4.1. Introduction Managing distributed production resources: renewable energies Characterization of distributed renewable production Integrating renewable energies into the management process Demand response Development of storage, microgrids and electric vehicles New storage methods Microgrids Electric vehicles Managing high voltage direct current connections Grid reliability analysis Model-based stability analysis Continuous measurements-based analysis: phasor measurement units Dynamic limits Self-healing grids Smart asset management Smart grid rollout: regulatory needs The need for pilot projects Incentives for investment in grid reliability Renewables Investment incentives for energy efficiency Cost/profit allocation New regulatory frameworks Standards The case of smart grids Work in progress Cooperation System architecture items Broaden the vision Taking vertical changes into consideration Developing integration tools Acknowledgements Bibliography Chapter 5. The Distribution System Operator at the Heart of the SmartGrid Revolution Pierre MALLET 5.1. Brief overview of some of the general elements of electrical distribution grids

4 viii SmartGrids 5.2. The current changes: toward greater complexity Smart grids enable the transition to carbon-free energy The different constituents of SmartGrids Smart Life Smart Operation Smart Metering The Linky project New services for customers Smart meters can significantly modernize grid management Smart Services Smart local optimization Distributed generation Active management of demand Means of distributed storage New uses including electric vehicles Local optimization of the system The distributor ERDF is at the heart of future SmartGrids Bibliography Chapter 6. Architecture, Planning and Reconfiguration of Distribution Grids Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ, Raphaël CAIRE and Bertrand RAISON 6.1. Introduction The structure of distribution grids High voltage/medium voltage delivery stations Meshed and looped grids Types of conductor Underground/overhead MV/LV substations Planning of the distribution grids Principles of planning/engineering All criteria to be met by the proposed architectures Example on a secured feeder grid Long-term and short-term planning The impact of connecting DGs on the MV grid structure Increasing the DG insertion rate in the grid Proposal for a new looped architecture: the hybrid structure Reconfiguration for the reduction of power losses The problem of copper losses Mathematic formulation of the optimization problem Combinatorial optimization Different approaches to finding the optimal configuration

5 ix Reconfiguration of the partially meshed grids Bibliography Chapter 7. Energy Management and Decision-aiding Tools Yvon BÉSANGER, Bertrand RAISON, Raphaël CAIRE and Tran-Quoc TUAN 7.1. Introduction Voltage control Introduction to voltage control in distribution networks Voltage control in current distribution networks Voltage control in distribution networks with dispersed generation Voltage control conclusion Protection schemes MV protection scheme Neutral grounding modes Fault characteristics Power outages Impact of decentralized production on the operation of protections of the feeder Reconfiguration after a fault: results of the INTEGRAL project Goals of the INTEGRAL project Demonstrator description General self-healing principles Some results Reliability Basic concepts of the Monte Carlo simulation Conclusion on reliability Bibliography Chapter 8. Integration of Vehicles with Rechargeable Batteries into Distribution Networks Florent CADOUX and George GROSS 8.1. The revolution of individual electrical transport An increasingly credible technology Example: the Fluence ZE What are the consequences on the electrical network? Demand management and vehicle-to-grid Vehicles as active loads Energetic services Frequency regulation Load reserve and shedding Other services

6 x SmartGrids 8.3. Economic impacts A potentially lucrative but limited market New business models Market integration Environmental impacts Synergy with intermittent sources Energetic efficiency Other advantages Evaluating environmental impacts Technological challenges Architecture Communication infrastructure Control strategy Feedback Uncertainty factors Electric vehicle adoption Viability of demand management Technological factors Economic factors Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 9. How Information and Communication Technologies Will Shape SmartGrids Gilles PRIVAT 9.1. Introduction Control decentralization Why smart grids will not be intelligent networks From the home area network to the smart home grid : extension of the local data network to the electrical grid for the home The smart home grid for the local optimization of energy efficiency From the home to microgrids: towards the autonomous control of subnetworks Interoperability and connectivity Utility computing : when the electrical grid is a model for information technologies Avatars of connectivity, when moving up from the physical layer to information models From synchronism to asynchronism Absolute and relative low-level and top-level synchronism From asynchronous data to asynchronous electricity

7 xi From data packets to energy packets Future Internet for SmartGrids Towards a shared infrastructure for SmartGrids and physical networks: sensors Towards a shared infrastructure: SmartGrids in the cloud Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 10. Information Systems in the Metering and Management of the Grid Hervé BARANCOURT Introduction Classification of the information systems Approach The metering information system Presentation of the metering system Architecture of the metering system The manipulated data The deployment of a metering system Information system metering in the management of the grid Links with IS management of the distribution network The SmartGrid triptych Conclusion: urbanization of the metering system Two approaches The pro sumer s information Summary Bibliography Chapter 11. Smart Meters and SmartGrids: an Economic Approach Jacques PERCEBOIS Demand response : a consequence of opening the electricity industry and the rise in environmental concerns The specific features of electricity The impact of introducing competition The impact of the objectives for reducing CO2 emissions Traditional regulation via pricing is no longer sufficient to avoid the risk of failure during peaks Coping with failures Expensive advanced means reduces the incentive to invest Emphasizing the seasonal differentiation of prices Smart meters: a tool for withdrawal and market capacity Towards a market of withdrawal

8 xii SmartGrids Who is financing the installation of the meters? What are the economic results of the operation? From smart meters to smart grids the results Bibliography Chapter 12. The Regulation of SmartGrids Didier LAFFAILLE The regulation and funding of SmartGrids Must R&D expenditure be submitted to an incentive mechanism? How to cope with the deployment costs of SmartGrids? Which investments will be supported by transmission tariffs and to what extent? Should cooperation be established? Regulation and economic models Evolution of the value chain How will the energy and ICT sectors work together? What will be the role of consumers and new players in the value chain? The emergence of a business model for smart grids Do we need an energy regulatory framework to enhance the deployment of SmartGrids within Europe? What variation is there in France? Regulation can assist in the emergence of SmartGrids How to ensure that system operators will account for public interest in their investment decisions? The Linky smart meter How to finance investments in SmartGrids? Which energy regulatory framework should be used to encourage efficient investments in the SmartGrids? What kind of development in prices would be acceptable for the consumer? How else can the energy regulator facilitate the development of a SmartGrid system? The business models are yet to be created The standardization of SmartGrids Why is standardization an essential factor in efficiently developing the electrical system? Is standardization a response to the need for interoperability in SmartGrids? What standardization efforts are being made for SmartGrids in Europe?

9 xiii Is standardization an important commercial issue for the European sector? Conclusion Bibliography List of Authors Index