Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart)
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1 Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth Smart) MSE, BLE, 1 References [1] Specification Core Version 4.0: [2] wikipedia, Bluetooth, March 2012, [3] wikipedia, Bluetooth, March 2012, [4] Robin Heydon, "Bluetooth Low Energy, the developer s handbook", Prentice Hall, [5] online training (registration required): [6] Vinayak Kariappa Chettimada, Introduction to Bluetooth Low Energy, Nordic Semiconductor, October [7] Nordic Semiconductor, "Creating Bluetooth Low Energy Applications Using nrf51822", nan-36, Application Note v1.0. Chapter 2: Introduction to Bluetooth low energy. Kontakt: ZHAW Zürcher Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften Prof. Dr. M. Rupf ZSN Zentrum für Signalverarbeitung und Nachrichtentechnik Technikumstrasse 9, TB425 CH-8401 Winterthur Tel: ++41 (0) Mail: marcel.rupf@zhaw.ch Web:
2 Basic Concepts MSE, BLE, 2 [5] (2) (3) (1) (4) (1) 3 advertising channels instead of 32 hopes sequence for BT-BR/EDR-inquiry (2) short Rx and Tx windows, reduces (peak) current, requires less memory (3) very simple peripherals / sensors with coin cell batteries and more complex central devices (memory & battery) (4) FHSS for interference mitigation & FH-CDMA for piconet separation
3 Basic Concepts MSE, BLE, 3 [5] (1) 5 ma > (2) (1) goal: some years lifetime with 220 mah coin-cell 3V (2) low duty cycle (radio always off, "(power times) time is energy")
4 First and simple lifetime calculation MSE, BLE, 4 sensor broadcasts a short data packet every 3 s BLE-broadcast lasts 3 ms current consumption for Tx (or Rx) is 10 ma average current consumption for BLE-radio (3 ms / 3 s) 10 ma = 10 µa assume a coin cell battery with a capacity of mah = 176 mah lifetime of BLE-sensor (radio only) 176 mah / 10 µa = h 2 years by the way: energy per single broadcast 3V 10 ma 3 ms = 90 µj 10-4 J compare: 1g sugar has 3.87 cal = 16.2 J
5 Basic Concepts MSE, BLE, 5 [5] (1) (1) BT-BR/EDR-stack is too big for a simple peripheral that has to transmit just some bits once per some seconds
6 Basic Concepts MSE, BLE, 6 [5] (1) (2) (1) servers e.g. wireless sensors store data, client e.g. smartphones request data (2) simply read from or write to the memory of a wireless sensor (like in RFID)
7 Basic Concepts MSE, BLE, 7 [5] (1) (1) any technology that makes it into the cell phone will be successful
8 Overview MSE, BLE, 8 [3] Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), previously known as WiBree, is a subset to Bluetooth v4.0 with an entirely new protocol stack for rapid build-up of simple links. As an alternative to the Bluetooth standard protocols that were introduced in Bluetooth v1.0 to v3.0, it is aimed at very low power applications running off a coin cell. Chip designs allow for two types of implementation, dual-mode, single-mode. The provisional names Wibree and Bluetooth ULP (Ultra Low Power) were abandoned and the BLE name was used for a while. In late 2011, new logos Bluetooth Smart Ready for hosts and Bluetooth Smart for sensors were introduced as the general-public face of BLE. In a single mode implementation the low energy protocol stack is implemented solely. CSR, Nordic and TI (and EM) have released single mode Bluetooth low energy solutions. In a dual-mode implementation, Bluetooth low energy functionality is integrated into an existing Classic Bluetooth controller. Currently ( ) the following semiconductor companies have announced the availability of chips meeting the standard: Atheros, CSR, Broadcom and TI. The compliant architecture shares all of Classic Bluetooth s existing radio and functionality resulting in a negligible cost increase compared to Classic Bluetooth. Cost-reduced single-mode chips, which enable highly integrated and compact devices, feature a lightweight Link Layer providing ultra-low power idle mode operation, simple device discovery, and reliable point-to-multipoint data transfer with advanced power-save and secure encrypted connections at the lowest possible cost.
9 Overview MSE, BLE, 9 Bluetooth Low Energy uses 40 channels à GHz ISM-band 3 advertising channels for discovering devices, initiating a connection and broadcasting data 37 data channels for communication between connected devices [5]
10 Overview [1], Volume 1, Part A, Chapter 1.2, pp MSE, BLE, 10 LE devices may fulfill the entire communication in the case of unidirectional or broadcast communication using advertising events Advertiser transmits advertising packets on up to 3 advertising channels. Scanners receive advertising without the intention to connect to the advertiser. Scanner may make a scan request to the advertiser to get more information Advertiser periodically restarts an advertising event Advertiser may end the advertising event at any time during the event.
11 Overview [1], Volume 1, Part A, Chapter 1.2, pp MSE, BLE, 11 LE devices may use advertising events to establish pair-wise bi-directional communication using data channels Advertiser sends connectable advertising packets Initiator sends a connection request (and advertiser accepts it) connection is established (initiator => master M, advertiser => slave S) 4 connection events are used to send data packets between M and S (alternating) M initiates the beginning of each connection event and can stop it at any time. (Adaptive) frequency hopping is used over 37 data channels.
12 Overview [1], Volume 1, Part A, Chapter 4.1.2, pp. 75 MSE, BLE, 12 LE Topology piconet A (master A communicates on separate physical channels with slaves B and C) broadcast group D (D is an advertiser and A is an initiator) A can form a connection with D and add D to piconet A. piconet F (F is master and G is slave) broadcast group C (C is an advertiser using non-connectable events and E is a scanner) broadcast group H (H is an advertiser and I and J are scanners) may use different advertising channels or different timings to avoid collisions
13 Overview MSE, BLE, 13 [5]
14 Overview MSE, BLE, 14 [5]
15 Overview MSE, BLE, 15 [5] star-topology typ. 1 master 1 slave (no meshed networks)
16 Overview MSE, BLE, 16 [5]
17 Overview Bluetooth Configurations [6] peripheral (slave) role or both master and slave role MSE, BLE, 17 HCI HCI HCI
18 Radio Specification [1], Volume 6, Part A MSE, BLE, 18 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangement 40 RF channels with 2 MHz spacing Transmission Power single mode Bluetooth Smart chip typ. has max. output power of 4 dbm less output power to optimize power consumption or reduce interference Typical radio range of BLE is m indoor somewhat larger than BT-BR/EDR (power class 2)
19 Radio Specification [1], Volume 6, Part A MSE, BLE, 19 Modulation: GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) BT = 0.5, symbol rate: 1 MSps, gross air bit rate: 1 Mbps logical 1 symbol period 1μs Gaussian bit shaping logical 0 frequency deviation > 185 khz frequency deviation of BLE is somewhat larger than of BT-BR wider signal regulation Receiver Sensitivity <= -70 dbm to achieve a BER = 0.1% Example: Rx-sensitivity of Nordic nrf51822 (slave only) < - 90 dbm, which is better than the Rx-sensitivity of Bluetooth BR/EDR products e.g. -84 dbm of ConnectBlue s Bluetooth Serial Port Adapter OBS411 (power class 2)
20 Link Layer States [1], Volume 6, Part B MSE, BLE, 20 device in Advertising State advertiser is transmitting advertising channel packets and possibly listening to and responding to responses triggered by these advertising channel packets. device in Scanning State scanner is listening for advertising channel packets from devices that are advertising passive scanner: only listens active scanner: may request an advertiser to send additional information not transmitting or receiving device in Initiating State initiator is listening for advertising channel packets from a specific device(s) and responding to these packets to initiate a connection with another device. Bluetooth Smart peripheral (slave) role slave role transmitting receiving master role
21 Link Layer States MSE, BLE, 21 [5] The Link Layer may have multiple instances of the Link Layer state machine (certain combination are prohibited, e.g. master cannot be a slave at the same time, e.g. slave cannot be in 2 piconets, i.e. BLE does not support scatternets).
22 Link Layer [1], Volume 6, Part B MSE, BLE, bit Device Address public device address (in accordance with IEEE standard) random device address (resolvable and non-resolvable private address) Privacy feature to reduce the ability to track an LE device by changing the Bluetooth device address on a frequent basis.
23 Link Layer [1], Volume 6, Part B MSE, BLE, 23 Advertising physical channel uses 3 RF channels for discovering devices, initiating a connection and broadcasting data compromise between robustness and low power Data physical channel uses up to 37 RF channels for communication between connected devices with AFH [5]
24 Link Layer Channels MSE, BLE, 24 & non-overlapping WLAN-channels 1, 6 and 11 [5] for AFH
25 Link Layer [1], Volume 6, Part B MSE, BLE, 25 One packet format for both advertising channel and data channel Packet Data Unit strong CRC detects all odd bit errors and 2 and 4 bit errors Preamble for frequency synchronization, symbol timing estimation, and Automatic Gain Control (AGC) training Access Address fixed for advertising channel packets and random for data channel packets (and different for link layer connections) Advertising Channel PDU 6-37 Bytes address type
26 Link Layer [1], Volume 6, Part B MSE, BLE, 26 Advertising Channel PDU types address host data ADV_SCAN_IND Scannable Undirected Event
27 Link Layer [1], Volume 6, Part B MSE, BLE, 27 Advertising Channel PDU types (continued) * only the correctly addressed initiator may respond
28 Link Layer [1], Volume 6, Part B MSE, BLE, 28 Data Channel PDU Message Integrity Check (not included in an un-encrypted connection) V4.0 / 4.1: 0-27 octets V4.2: octets!!! Logical Link ID indicates whether the packet is an LL Data PDU (to send L2CAP data) or an LL Control PDU (to control the Link Layer connection). NSEN Next Expected Sequence Number SN Sequence Number MD More Data Length indicates the size, in octets, of the Payload and MIC, if included.
29 Link Layer [1], Volume 6, Part B MSE, BLE, 29 Device Filtering The set of devices that the Link Layer uses for device filtering is called the White List. The White List is configured by the Host and is used by the Link Layer to filter advertisers, scanners or initiators. This allows the Host to configure the Link Layer to act on a request without awakening the Host.
30 Link Layer [1], Volume 6, Part B MSE, BLE, 30 Advertising Event Timing Advertising Interval Advertising Delay 20 (100) ms 0-10 ms random up to s multiples of ms advdelay prevents collisions if sensors start all together, but does also not allow sensor-syncaccuracy < 5 ms. inter frame space
31 Link Layer MSE, BLE, 31 [5]
32 Link Layer MSE, BLE, 32 [5] chan 37 chan 38 chan 39 advertising interval + delay = T_advEvent (20 ms s) Special timing for direct advertising adv events are repeated every 3.75 ms (with no adv. delay) not for more then 1.28 s
33 Link Layer MSE, BLE, 33 [5] broadcasting a «constant» here Tx power such that scanner can rank RSSI broadcasting local data complete or not complete list of services supported when in a connection (a service is a structured data collection) there are 16-bit-UUIDs for standard services and 128-bit-UUIDs for self-designed services
34 Link Layer MSE, BLE, 34 [5]
35 Link Layer MSE, BLE, 35 [5] ADV_IND chan 37 chan 38 chan 38 chan 38 T_advEvent ADV_IND chan 39 ADV_IND ADV_IND ADV_IND chan 37 chan 38 chan 39
36 Link Layer MSE, BLE, 36 [5]
37 Link Layer MSE, BLE, 37 [5] connection interval (7.5 ms 4 s) master slave
38 Link Layer: Connection [6] MSE, BLE, 38 * CC2540 from TI as master max. 4 notifications à 20 Byte per connection interval, R netto < 85 kbps (Nordic nrf51822 has a buffer for 7 notifications) connection events with a sequence of Tx/Rx packets max. data rate ~ 300 kb/s however: # of packets depends on slave/master buffer size applicative throughput kb/s* but BLE at high data throughput is not ultra low power (use conventional BT for «streaming»)
39 Attributes MSE, BLE, 39 a BLE device includes an attribute server and an attribute database Example [4] attribute values have permissions (readable, writeable, [no] authentication required, [no] authorization)
40 Accessing Attributes MSE, BLE, 40 Attributes in database can be accessed by the following messages Find requests (to find attributes in data base) Read request is sent to read an attribute value Write request is sent to write an attribute value Write command like write request, but causes no response Notification ( push ) initiated by the server, send att. values unprompted to client Indication ( push ) like notification, but causes a confirmation to be sent back
41 Message Exchange Example MSE, BLE, 41
42 Message Exchange Example MSE, BLE, 42
43 Current Consumption (Example) Nordic nrf8001 MSE, BLE, 43 90% of the time advertising 10% of the time in a connection
44 Current Consumption (Example) Nordic nrf8001 MSE, BLE, 44 Advertising 100% of time, every second 30 µa with host 210 mah / 30 µa = 7000 h (1 year has 8760 h)
45 Single Mode Solutions MSE, BLE, 45 SoC (chip) solution examples Mouser Texas Instruments: CC2540 with bit MCU Nordic Semiconductor: nrf8001 with SPI-Interface (slave only) nrf51822 with 32 bit Cortex M0 MCU, $ 3.80 / nrf52832 with 32 bit Cortex M4F MCU Module solution examples Bluegiga: BLE112-A (12x18 mm) $ / Mouser connectblue / ublox: OLS425/OLP425 (14.8x22.3 mm)
46 LE versus Classic Bluetooth Technology Source Bluetooth SIG Author s experience MSE, BLE, 46 ~ 20 m indoor * ~ kb/s (V4.2: ~ 2.5 times higher) advertisers, but only some slaves privacy features (V4.2: same security level as classical BT) ARQ Inquiry up to 5-10s due to adv.-interval (20ms 10s) max packet size ~ 1 kb ~ B (V4.2: ~ 250 B) (no mesh-networks!) ~10 µa average current * secure simple pairing, authentication and 128b SAFER+ ciphering
47 Two Links to Bluetooth 5.0 MSE, BLE, 47 Mahendra Tailor, «What s New with Bluetooth 5.0», Laird Wireless Connectivity Blog, Dusan Zivadinovic, «Kleine Umwälzung, Wie Bluetooth 5 Reichweite und Datenrate erhöht», Heft 1, Seite 34-35, c t (abgerufen am ) Nordic-Blog: (abgerufen am )
48 Appendix: Services MSE, BLE, 48 Service / Profile standard services and proprietary services Source: Bluetooth.org
49 Appendix: Services MSE, BLE, 49 Service / Characteristics Data is encapsulated in «Services» and data is exposed in «Characteristics» «Services can be considered as file folders, that contain one or more files (characteristics) with different permissions (e.g. readable, writable).» P. Rennhard, ZSN.
50 Appendix: Services MSE, BLE, 50 A service is a collection of characteristics memory address Example => read request (handle 0x0022) <= read response (value 0x0802)
51 Appendix: Services MSE, BLE, 51 What is a service? heart rate measurement Source: nordicsemi.com
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