INTEGRATION OF DR INTO TITLE 20 FOR LAPTOP BATTERIES

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1 Design & Engineering Services INTEGRATION OF DR INTO TITLE 20 FOR LAPTOP BATTERIES AND DOCKING STATIONS Phase1: Demand Response Potential DR Report Prepared by: Design & Engineering Services Customer Service Business Unit Southern California Edison November 30, 2009 What s Inside Executive Summary... Introduction... Market Size/Barriers... DR Potential and Strategies... Results... Recommendations... References

2 Acknowledgements Southern California Edison s Design & Engineering Services (DES) group is responsible for this project in collaboration with the Tariff Programs & Services (TP&S) group. It was developed as part of Southern California Edison s Demand Response, Emerging Markets and Technology program under internal project number DR DES project manager Neha Wadhera conducted this technology evaluation with overall guidance and management from Carlos Haiad of DES and Jeremy Laundergan of TP&S. For more information on this project, contact neha.wadhera@sce.com. Disclaimer This report was prepared by Southern California Edison (SCE) and funded by California utility customers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Reproduction or distribution of the whole or any part of the contents of this document without the express written permission of SCE is prohibited. This work was performed with reasonable care and in accordance with professional standards. However, neither SCE nor any entity performing the work pursuant to SCE s authority make any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with regard to this report, the merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose of the results of the work, or any analyses, or conclusions contained in this report. The results reflected in the work are generally representative of operating conditions; however, the results in any other situation may vary depending upon particular operating conditions. Southern California Edison November 2009 Design & Engineering Services

3 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS DR EPS kwh LAN MW SCE TWh USB Demand Response External Power Supply KiloWatt Hour Local Area Network Mega Watt Southern California Edison TeraWatt Hour Universal Serial Bus Southern California Edison Page i

4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Batteries and docking stations contribute a 9% share of plug load energy consumption in the residential sector. This usage translates into 100kWh/yr per household in Southern California Edison (SCE) service territory. Residential electric energy use is estimated to grow at a rate of 2.4% per year as new and more efficient technologies become available to customers. This consumption can be reduced by implementing demand response (DR) strategies on these appliances. DR strategies for laptop batteries and docking stations can lead to a potential demand reduction of 1.4 MWs in SCE service territory and approximately 4.3 MWs in California if 5% of the entire population adopts and implements the strategy proposed in this report. However, this number can increase if acceptance rates for this strategy increase. One strategy proposed in this report is to force laptops to run on batteries until they drain to a low level. This low level can be defined either by the user or utility. When the battery level goes below a pre-established low level, the external power supply (EPS) of a laptop or docking station is triggered ON to provide power. This ensures that the laptop remains in Active mode during a DR event. This strategy can be implemented by using an automatic power management device/chip. This device monitors the battery level in real-time and triggers the EPS, when required. Local Area Network cable or wireless internet networks present in a household can also be used to implement this strategy, however, they are limited in their capability to trigger the EPS of the laptop or docking station when the battery level is low. This strategy has the potential to be implemented without compromising the user s expectation of high performance from their laptop computers. DR savings calculated in this report seem promising. However, a closer look into this market segment is required to realize true DR potential. Therefore, Phase 2 is recommended in order to: Determine time spent by laptops in various operational modes, (e.g., active, low/idle, and standby) as these may impact DR savings. Establish market share of batteries and docking stations as these are categorized under miscellaneous plug load that include small appliances such as telephony, personal hygiene, etc. Calculate and establish the load profile of such appliances. Determine the total number of laptop batteries and docking stations contributing to the peak load demand in SCE service territory. Southern California Edison Page 2

5 INTRODUCTION This project seeks to validate and establish demand response (DR) potential for laptop batteries and docking stations. It is part of a multi-phase, multi-year effort to evaluate the potential for DR to be incorporated into the California Appliance Efficiency Regulations (Title 20) for a series of 13 commercial and residential appliance categories from refrigerated display cases to laptop batteries and docking stations. This project aligns well with the objective of Southern California Edison s (SCE) SmartConnect TM by fostering and accelerating the availability of DR-ready appliances in the market place. Furthermore, this project supports the California Public Utilities Commission goal of zero net energy for residential new construction by 2020 and commercial new construction by Phase 1 of this potential three-phase effort addresses the DR potential for laptop batteries and docking stations; if Phase 1 yields encouraging results, Phase 2 will demonstrate DR capabilities and strategies for batteries and docking stations; and if the demonstration is successful, Phase 3 will develop a Title 20 Codes and Standards Enhancement initiative to incorporate DR requirements for batteries and docking stations. This report reviews the findings from Phase 1 and estimates the DR potential for batteries and docking stations. This phase entails assessing the demand reduction associated with batteries and docking stations, the population statewide and within SCE service territory, and the market/consumer acceptability of DR strategies associated with batteries and docking stations. TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION Laptops are a mobile version of desktops that balance capability, performance and portability. These devices have the same basic components found in desktops such as a monitor, hard drive, keyboard and mouse. They are typically light weight and systems are powered from an external power supply (EPS) as well as a rechargeable battery. Batteries can support laptop s power demand where power connections are not available, or if the power is out. Laptops can use docking stations at a permanent work location to provide connectivity to multiple input/output ports and to expand the laptop s capabilities, such as connectivity to printers, scanners, external hard drives, multiple monitors, etc. Essentially, a docking station converts a laptop into a desktop computer when required by the user. CURRENT ENERGY CODE REQUIREMENTS Currently, there are no code requirements established for laptop batteries and docking stations by state or federal agencies. ENERGY STAR and the Consortium for Energy Efficiency do not provide any energy efficiency guidelines for laptop batteries or docking stations. Some docking stations are sold with EPS attached to them. These EPSs are regulated by Title 20 and federal appliance energy efficiency code. Minimum efficiency requirements are listed in Table 1 1 and Table 2 1 below: Southern California Edison Page 3

6 TABLE 1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR EPS IN ACTIVE MODE MINIMUM EFFICIENCY IN ACTIVE MODE FOR STATE AND FEDERALLY NAME PLATE OUTPUT REGULATED EPS* <1 watt 0.5* Nameplate Output 1 watt and 51 watts 0.09* Ln(Nameplate output) +0.5 > 51 watts 0.85 TABLE 2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR EPS IN NO-LOAD MODE NAME PLATE OUTPUT 250 watts (Federal Requirements) Any Output (State Requirements) MAXIMUM ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN NO- LOAD MODE FOR EPS * 0.5 watts 0.5 Watts *Minimum Efficiency Standards effective as of July 1, EPS for docking stations generally draw approximately 26 watts in active mode and are required to have minimum efficiency of in active mode and 0.5 watts in no-load mode. DEMAND PROFILE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION A typical California household consumes 1,000 1,200 2 kwh/yr in plug load. This electricity consumption is 15% -17% 2 of the overall electricity consumption of a household and can cost approximately $150 2 per year. EPS and docking stations constitute 9% 3 of plug load energy consumption, (e.g., approximately 100kWh/yr per US household). Power demand of laptop batteries and docking stations in different operational modes is listed in Table 3. TABLE 3. POWER DRAW BY MODE FOR LAPTOP BATTERIES AND DOCKING STATIONS EQUIPMENT ACTIVE MODE POWER DRAW (W) LOW POWER/IDLE MODE POWER DRAW (W) STANDBY MODE POWER DRAW (W) Laptop Batteries Docking Stations** Demand for laptop batteries is assumed to be equivalent to that of the laptop computer as batteries are an integral part of laptops and are used as a substitution for EPS. Power demand for laptops is a calculated average of power demand values from two studies. 4&5 Active mode demand for docking stations is equivalent to the sum of laptop power demand and the EPS of the docking station since a docking station is active when a laptop is docked and is operated by a user. ** These power demand values are a result of tests performed by D&ES on a sample of 3 docking stations. Southern California Edison Page 4

7 MARKET SIZE There are million laptop units in households statewide. The number of laptop units in SCE service territory is proportional to the ratio of number of households in SCE service territory (approx million) and to the number of households statewide (approx million). This ratio, when applied to the number of laptops statewide, results in the total number of laptop units in SCE service territory which is approximately 1.2 million laptop units. These figures are based on the assumption that each household has only one laptop. MARKET BARRIERS There are no health or food code barriers for this technology type. However, there may be market acceptance and performance issues related to this proposed strategy. DEMAND RESPONSE STRATEGIES AND POTENTIAL Currently laptop battery chargers and docking stations have 9% 3 share of plug load residential energy consumption. Residential energy usage is continuously increasing at a rate of 2.4% 9 per year from By year 2030, personal computers (laptops and desktops) will be responsible for 68TWh 10 of energy use in the United States. For the purpose of this evaluation, the DR potential is defined in Equation 1. EQUATION 1. DEMAND RESPONSE POTENTIAL DR potential = (kw reduction /unit) x (Market Size) x (Market Acceptance) STRATEGY FORCE LAPTOP TO RUN ON BATTERIES STRATEGY DESCRIPTION This strategy uses an automatic power management device (maybe a chip) on an EPS of a laptop or docking station. When a DR event occurs this device disconnects the power supply from the EPS and allows the laptop to run on its battery. This device continuously monitors battery status of the laptop and forces the EPS to power ON if the battery level falls below a certain level. This level is pre-established either by the user or utility. For example, when a remaining battery charge is 20%, the power management device triggers the EPS to power ON and allows the laptop/docking station to remain in Active mode. In cases where the customer chooses not to participate in the DR event, they have full control and can override utility requests and continue to work as normal. This strategy can also use LAN or wireless networks, whichever is usually available in a residence to turn off the laptop/docking station s EPS when a DR event is called. The signal sent by the utility disconnects the EPS and allows the laptop/docking station to run on its battery. If the battery status is critically low when a DR event is called, the user can override the DR request manually. However, a wireless network or LAN can only be used to send DR requests and are limited in their capability to automatically power ON the EPS when the battery level is low. Southern California Edison Page 5

8 TECHNICAL DEMAND REDUCTION This strategy may result in 26 watts reduction in docking stations and 21.5 watts in laptop batteries. Overall, an average savings potential as a result of implementing this strategy is approximately watts as shown in Table 1. MARKET ACCEPTANCE Foreseen barriers to acceptance of this DR strategy include costs associated with implementing an automatic power management device. Some users may not like the idea of adding another device to their existing set up. Moreover, users may be skeptical of their system underperforming if this strategy is implemented. Cyber security may also be a concern for users. Based on these factors a 5% acceptance rate is assumed. DEMAND RESPONSE POTENTIAL DR potential for this strategy is calculated using Equation 1. This equation factors in the market size, kw demand reduction per unit to calculate gross demand reduction in SCE service territory and statewide. However, this reduction is dependent on the number of users willing to implement this strategy. Thus, a market acceptance factor is taken into account to calculate net demand reduction in SCE service territory and statewide. DR potential calculated at various acceptance rates is listed in Table 4. TABLE 4. DR POTENTIAL AT VARIOUS ACCEPTANCE LEVELS FOR LAPTOP BATTERIES AND DOCKING STATIONS DR POTENTIAL (KW) KW AT 1% AT 5% AT 10% AT 20% AT 50% REDUCTION MARKET SIZE ACCEPTANCE ACCEPTANCE ACCEPTANCE ACCEPTANCE ACCEPTANCE /UNIT (POPULATION) SCE 1,168, ,387 2,775 5,549 13, CA 3,600, ,275 8,550 17,100 42,750 RESULTS The strategy discussed in this report provides an opportunity for DR programs in SCE service territory, and can be implemented on laptop batteries and docking stations as discussed earlier. This strategy, can lead to higher potential savings if more than 5% of the population (1.5 million), in SCE service territory implement this strategy on their laptops or docking stations. Overall DR potential for laptop batteries and docking stations at 5% acceptance rate in SCE service territory and statewide are summarized in Table 5. TABLE 5. POTENTIAL DR SAVINGS FOR LAPTOP BATTERIES AND DOCKING STATIONS OVERALL KW MARKET SIZE ESTIMATED MARKET OVERALL DR POTENTIAL (MW) REDUCTION/UNIT SCE STATEWIDE ACCEPTANCE SCE STATEWIDE ,168,272 3,600,000 5% Southern California Edison Page 6

9 RECOMMENDATIONS This strategy has the potential to be implemented on a small demo user group to evaluate actual DR potential and as discussed in this report is viable and may be implemented; but controls should be incorporated into laptops and docking stations to make them DR addressable. Strategy for laptop batteries and docking stations has an overall potential savings of 1.4 MW in SCE territory and 4.3 MW statewide at the acceptance rate of 5% but these savings can increase if more households adopt the strategy proposed. However, there are no studies done to establish power demand data for laptop batteries and docking stations. For years, personal computers and monitors have been the focus of research performed in this market segment since docking stations are relatively new to the residential market. Therefore, it is recommended to: Perform field studies to determine time spent by laptops in various operational modes, (e.g., active, low/idle and standby modes and the corresponding power usage). These findings may affect the cumulative savings seen in this report for SCE service territory and statewide. Establish the market share of batteries and docking stations as this market segment is fairly new and offers a DR opportunity. These appliances are typically categorized under miscellaneous plug load that includes small appliances such as telephony, personal hygiene, etc. Thus, an accurate market share of such appliances should be established. Calculate and establish the load profile of laptop batteries and docking stations. Determine the total number of laptop batteries and docking stations contributing to the peak load demand in SCE service territory. A Phase 2 evaluation is highly recommended to evaluate customer response and feedback on the strategy proposed. Southern California Edison Page 7

10 REFERENCES 1 California Appliance Energy Efficiency Code, Title 20, Table U-1, pg-134, Table U-3, p Technical Brief, Energy Use of Household Electronics: Taming the Wild Growth, PIER, Sep 2008, p Ibid, p. 1 4 ECEEE 2007 Summer Study, Residential Consumer Electronics Electricity Consumption in United States, Kurt Roth and Kurtis McKenney TIAX LLC, p Final Field Research Report, Ecos Consulting, Oct 2006, p df 6 Energy Information Administration Website: 1.pdf 7 Southern California Edison Customer Database, Southern California Edison, accessed on Oct U.S. Census Bureau, California QuickFacts, accessed on November 6, U.S. Building Sector Energy Efficiency Potential, Environmental Energy Technical Divisions, Rich Brown, Sam Borgeson, Jon Koomey, Peter Biermayer for LBNL, Sep 2008, pg Ibid,Table-1 (for personal computers), pg-2 Southern California Edison Page 8