i SYLLABUS UNIT - 1 INTRODUCTION,, DATA A TRANSMISSION AND DATA A ENCODING Introduction : Communication Model, Data Communication Networking, Protocols and Architecture, Standards. Data Transmission : Concepts and Terminology, Analog and Digital Transmission, Transmission Impairments, Transmission Media. Data Encoding : Digital Data-Digital Signals, Digital Data-Analog Signals, Analog Data-Digital Signals, Analog Data-analog Signals. UNIT - 2 DATA A COMMUNICATION INTERFACE AND DATA A LINK CONTROLS Data Communication Interface : Asychronous and Synchronous Transmission, Line Configuration, Interfacing. Data Link Controls : Flow Control, Error Detection, Error Control, HDLC, Other Data Link Control Protocols, Performance Issues. UNIT - 3 MULTIPLEXING Frequency Division Multiplexing, Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing, Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, xdsl. Circuit Switching, Packet Switching and Frame Relay. ATM Architecture, Logical Connection, ATM Cells, Transmission of ATM Cells.
UNIT - 4 ii TRADITIONAL ETHERNET, FAST ETHERNET AND GIGABIT ETHERNET Traditional Ethernet : Topologies and Transmission Media, LAN Protocol Architecture, MAC Sub Layer, CSMA/CD, Physical Layer, Implementation, Bridged, Switched and Full Duplex Ethernets, Layer 2 and Layer 3 Switches. Fast Ethernet : MAC Sublayer, Physical Layer, Implementation. Gigabit Ethernet : MAC Sublayer, Physical Layer, Implementation. UNIT - 5 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWORKS, WIRELESS LANS AND BLUETTOTH Cellular Wireless Networks : Principles of Cellular Networks, First Generation Analog Second Generation CDMA, Third Generation Systems. Wireless LANs : Overview, Wireless LAN Technology, IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services, IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control, IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer. Bluetooth : Architecture, Layers.
iii CONTENTS UNIT - 1 [INTRODUCTION, DATA TRANSMISSION AND DATA ENCODING]... 1.1-1.78 1.1 INTRODUCTION... 1.2 1.2 COMMUNICATION MODEL... 1.3 1.3 DATA A COMMUNICATIONS... 1.5 1.4 DATA A COMMUNICATION NETWORKING... 1.6 1.5 THE INTERNET... 1.9 1.5.1 The Architecture of Internet... 1.11 1.5.2 Arpanet... 1.12 1.6 PROTOCOL OCOL ARCHITECTURE AND STAND ANDARDS ARDS... 1.13 1.6.1 Protocol... 1.13 1.6.1.1 Protocol Architecture... 1.13 1.6.2 Standards... 1.15 1.6.3 Standards Organizations... 1.15 1.6.4 Internet Standards Organizations... 1.16 1.7 DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROTOCOL OCOL ARCHITECTURES... 1.16 1.7.1 ISO-OSI Reference Model... 1.16 1.7.1.1 Application Layer... 1.18 1.7.1.2 Presentation Layer... 1.18 1.7.1.3 Session Layer... 1.19 1.7.1.4 Transport Layer ayer... 1.20 1.7.1.5 Network Layer... 1.21 1.7.1.6 Data Link Layer... 1.22 1.7.1.7 Physical Layer... 1.22 1.7.1.8 Data Transmission in the OSI Model... 1.23
iv 1.7.2 TCP/IP Protocol Suite... 1.25 1.7.2.1 Layers of TCP/IP Model... 1.26 1.7.3 Problems of TCP/IP Model and Protocols... 1.28 1.7.4 Similarities between OSI and TCP/IP Reference Model... 1.28 1.8 DATA A TRANSMISSION... 1.28 1.8.1 Analog and Digital Transmission... 1.29 1.8.1.1 Analog Data and Digital Data... 1.29 1.8.1.2 Analog Signal and Digital Signal... 1.29 1.8.1.3 Representation of Data and Signals... 1.31 1.8.1.4 Differences between Analog Transmission and Digital Transmission... 1.32 1.9 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS... 1.33 1.9.1 Channel Capacity... 1.36 1.9.2 Nyquist Bandwidth Formula for Noiseless Channel... 1.36 1.9.3 Shannon Capacity Formula for Noisy Channel... 1.37 1.10 TRANSMISSION MEDIA... 1.38 1.10.1 Guided Transmission Media... 1.38 1.10.1.1 Twisted Pair air Cable... 1.39 1.10.1.2 Coaxial Cable... 1.42 1.10.1.3 Fiber Optic Cable... 1.43 1.10.1.4 Comparison of Performance Characteristics of Guided Media... 1.46 1.10.2 Unguided Transmission Media (Wireless Transmission)... 1.47
v 1.11 DATA A ENCODING... 1.50 1.11.1 Various Data Encoding Representation Techniques... 1.50 1.11.2 Methods Used for Comparing Various Encoding Techniques... 1.51 1.11.3 Digital to Digital Encoding Scheme... 1.51 1.11.3.1 Techniques Used for Scrambling... 1.56 1.11.4 Digital Data to Analog Signals... 1.58 1.11.4.1 Amplitude Shift Keying... 1.59 1.11.4.2 Frequency Shift Keying... 1.60 1.11.4.3 Phase Shift Keying... 1.62 1.11.5 Analog Data to Analog Signals... 1.63 1.11.5.1 Amplitude Modulation... 1.64 1.11.5.2 Frequency Modulation... 1.64 1.11.5.3 Phase Modulation... 1.65 1.11.6 Analog Data to Digital Signals... 1.66 1.11.6.1 Pulse Code Modulation... 1.66 1.11.6.2 Delta Modulation... 1.68 1.12 SOLVED PROBLEMS... 1.70 Most Frequently Asked External Questions... 1.77-1.78 UNIT - 2 [DATA COMMUNICATION INTERFACE AND DATA LINK CONTROLS]... 2.1-2.50 2.1 DATA A COMMUNICATION INTERFACE... 2.2 2.1.1 Asynchronous Transmission... 2.2 2.1.2 Synchronous Transmission... 2.3
vi 2.1.3 Line Configuration... 2.3 2.1.3.1 Topology opology... 2.3 2.1.3.2 Transmission Modes... 2.4 2.1.4 Interfacing... 2.5 2.1.4.1 Characteristics of Interface... 2.6 2.1.4.2 V.24/EIA - 232-F Interface... 2.6 2.1.4.3 ISDN Interface (Integrated Services Digital Network)... 2.12 2.2 DATA A LINK CONTROLS... 2.13 2.2.1 Flow Control... 2.13 2.2.2 Error Detection... 2.17 2.2.3 Error Correction... 2.25 2.2.4 Error Control... 2.26 2.2.4.1 Differences between Go-Back -Back-N -N and Selective Repeat epeat-arq... 2.34 2.2.4.2 Differences between Flow Control and Error Control... 2.35 2.2.5 High Level Data Link Control (HDLC)... 2.36 2.2.5.1 Configurations and Transfer Modes... 2.36 2.2.6 Frame Format in HDLC... 2.37 2.2.7 Other Data Link Protocols... 2.40 2.2.8 Performance Issues... 2.41 2.3 SOLVED PROBLEMS... 2.44 Most Frequently Asked External Questions... 2.49-2.50
vii UNIT - 3 [MULTIPLEXING]... 3.1-3.48 3.1 MULTIPLEXING TIPLEXING... 3.2 3.2 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)... 3.3 3.3 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)... 3.5 3.3.1 Difference between FDM and TDM... 3.6 3.4 SYNCHRONOUS TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING... 3.7 3.5 STATISTICAL TISTICAL TIME-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING... 3.12 3.5.1 Difference between TDM and STDM... 3.13 3.6 ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL AL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL)... 3.13 3.6.1 Operation of ADSL... 3.14 3.7 EXTENDABLE DIGITAL AL SUBSCRIBER LINE (XDSL)... 3.14 3.8 SWITCHING... 3.15 3.8.1 Circuit Switching... 3.15 3.8.2 Packet Switching... 3.21 3.8.2.1 Different Factors for Routing of Packet Switching Network... 3.26 3.9 FRAME RELAY... 3.27 3.9.1 Architecture of Frame Relay... 3.28 3.9.2 Frame Format of a Frame Relay... 3.29 3.9.3 Frame Relay Layers... 3.31 3.9.4 Extended Address... 3.32 3.9.5 FRADs... 3.32 3.9.6 YOFR... 3.32 3.9.7 LM1... 3.32
viii 3.10 X.25... 3.33 3.10.1 Characteristic of X.25 Protocol... 3.34 3.10.2 Difference Between Circuit Switching, Packet Switching and Message Switching... 3.34 3.11 ATM PROTOCOL OCOL ARCHITECTURE... 3.35 3.12 ATM LOGICAL CONNECTIONS... 3.36 3.13 ATM CELL FORMAT... 3.39 3.14 TRANSMISSION OF ATM CELLS... 3.41 3.15 SOLVED PROBLEMS... 3.43 Most Frequently Asked External Questions... 3.47-3.48 UNIT - 4 [TRADITIONAL ETHERNET,, FAST ETHERNET AND GIGABIT ETHERNET]... 4.1-4.34 4.1 TOPOLOGIES... 4.2 4.1.1 Network Topologies... 4.2 4.1.2 Transmission Media... 4.4 4.2 LAN PROTOCOL OCOL ARCHITECTURE... 4.10 4.3 MAC (MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL)... 4.13 4.4 CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS (CSMA/CD)... 4.14 4.5 PHYSICAL LAYER AND IMPLEMENTATION TION... 4.16 4.6 BRIDGES... 4.17 4.7 SWITCHED ETHERNET... 4.24 4.8 FULL-DUPLEX ETHERNET... 4.25 4.9 LAYER 2 SWITCHES CHES... 4.26
ix 4.10 LAYER 3 SWITCHES CHES... 4.27 4.11 FAST ETHERNET... 4.29 4.12 GIGABIT ETHERNET... 4.31 Most Frequently Asked External Questions... 4.33-4.34 UNIT - 5 [CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWORKS, WIRELESS LANS AND BLUETOOTH]... 5.1-5.26 5.1 CELLULAR NETWORKS... 5.2 5.2 FIRST GENERATION ANALOG... 5.9 5.2.1 Working of AMPS... 5.9 5.2.2 Control Channels... 5.9 5.3 SECOND GENERATION CDMA... 5.10 5.3.1 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)... 5.10 5.3.2 Drawbacks of CDMA... 5.10 5.3.3 Differences between First Generation and Second Generation Cellular Systems... 5.11 5.4 THIRD GENERATION SYSTEMS... 5.11 5.4.1 Characteristics of 3G... 5.11 5.4.2 Design Considerations of CDMA... 5.12 5.5 WIRELESS LANS... 5.12 5.5.1 Wireless LAN Applications... 5.12 5.5.2 Wireless LAN Requirements... 5.13 5.5.3 Wireless LAN Technology... 5.14 5.5.4 IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services... 5.16 5.5.4.1 IEEE 802.11 Architecture... 5.16 5.5.4.2 IEEE 802.11 Services... 5.17
x 5.5.5 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control... 5.19 5.5.5.1 IEEE 802.11 Frame Format... 5.19 5.5.6 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer... 5.21 5.6 BLUET UETOO OOTH : ARCHITECTURE AND LAYERS YERS... 5.22 Most Frequently Asked External Questions... 5.25-5.26