University of Oregon Applied Information Management Program Information Systems and Management Fall 2015 Week 1 Lecture 1 IT in The Business Slide # Slide Text Audio Transcript 1 AIM 668. Week 1. Lecture 1. IT in The Business. Welcome to Information Systems and Management AIM 668 Week 1 Lecture 1 IT In The Business. 2 The Value Chain. Business Chain Processes Marketing. Inbound Logistics. Operations. Outbound Logistics. Sales. Service. Market Development. Procurement. Manufacturing. Order Fulfillment, Shipping. Commercial and Consumer. Follow-up & Effectiveness Assessment. Infrastructure. (Facilities, Finance, Management.) Staff and Leadership. (Leadership, Governance, HR, Training.) Welcome to Information Systems and Management. In this first lecture, what I would like to do is bring into IT into context with how it fits in with the business and how IT management can add value to the business. In this slide, a classic value chain put forth by Michael Porter of Harvard. Many of you may have seen this before. This helps me to understand how IT fits in with the business. I have used this to help others to understand as well. If you think about a business as a series of business processes then you can think of marketing, inbound logistics as you see here and operations and sales. You could even break it down into design, manufacturing and delivery. As simple as that. Three basic business processes. As you see here, each of the business processes are supported by things such as facilities, finance, human resources, R&D and finally information technology. If you look up above where I have marketing, inbound logistics and operations you can see that each of those often see just that segment of the business whereas IT, information technology or information systems sees across all of those and that is where IT adds unique value to the business and that is where IT management can really help the business see from end to end, from beginning to end, from concept to delivery of product, whether it be a service or a good, whether it be profit or a non-profit, information technology sees across the organization. This helps me to understand the context of how does IT fit into the business and how can an IT manager add context to that business.
R & D. (New Product or Service Development.) Information Technology. (Information Systems, Communication). Support Processes. Derived from Michael Porter s Generic Value Chain Model. 3 Early Computing. The world most powerful computer at Columbia University s Watson Lab in 1954. (Picture of early computer.) In terms of context setting, I would like to take you through the history of information technology and information management to help you understand where we have come from in this unique field and where we are now. We will compare the two and hopefully understand what the future of computing holds by looking at the past. As you can see here, this is a computer from 1954. Some would argue that information technology goes back to the 1400 s with the advent of Gutenberg s printing press but I am only going to go back into the mid-1930 s. You can see how large this computer is. Often these would fill a room and ran on vacuum tubes which were very hot and prone to failure. There are stories of workers in bathing suits that would run around in the back of the computer changing out tubes as they failed. I can t verify that story because I was not around at that time. This is where the information technology field got its start. It took a lot of programmers to keep track and data in and data out and it took a lot of human analysts to interpret the results because computers at that time did only computing and not analysis. There was no business intelligence. 4 Historical Computing Timeline. Table with columns labeled Computer History Year/Enter, Computer History I want to take a brief glance at the history of computing to give us an idea of how far we have come. Compared to other industries, this development timeline is greatly accelerated. Hopefully this will set the context for the rest of this course to understand how it is that we got here and how we can continue to innovate in the future. The Z1 was a mechanical computer
Inventors/Inventions, and Computer History Description of Event. 1935; Konrad Zuse Z1 Computer; First freely programmable computer. 1942; John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry. ABC Computer; Who was first in computer is not always as easy as ABC. 1944; Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper. Harvard Mark 1 Computer. The Harvard Mark 1 computer. created by Konrad Zuse in 1935 that was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability. It also came with reading instructions that used punched tape. The Atanasoff/ Berry Computer (ABC) was one of the earliest electronic digital computers that was first conceived in 1937. It wasn't programmable though, and was only designed to solve linear equations. It successfully passed the testing phase in 1942. The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called the Mark I by Harvard University, was an electro-mechanical computer Grace Hopper, a pioneer in the computing industry, and Howard Aiken. The ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States during WWII. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 (after the war had ended) it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain". It had a speed of one thousand times that of previous electro-mechanical machines. 1946; John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly. ENIAC 1 Computer. 20,000 vacuum tubes later... 5 1948; Frederick Williams & Tom Kilburn. Manchester Baby Computer & The Williams Tube; Baby and the Williams Tube turn on the memories. 1947/48; John Bardeen, Walter Brattain & William Shockley. The Transistor; No, a transistor is not a computer, but this Frederic Williams and Tom Kilburn developed the first computer with memory in 1948. Up until this time, whenever a computer had to be reprogrammed, it had to be rewired. The Williams tube was a cathode ray tube in which the on and off bits were reflected as dark and light spots on the tube and could be stored as memory. Transistors transformed the world of electronics and had a huge impact on computer design. Transistors made of semiconducting material replaced tubes in the construction of computers. By replacing bulky and unreliable vacuum tubes with transistors, computers could now perform the same functions, using less power and space. The Univac was the second commercial computer
invention greatly affected the history of computers. 1951; John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly; UNIVAC Computer; first commercial computer & able to pick presidential winners. produced in the United States. It was designed principally by Eckert and Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC. Design work was started by their company, Eckert/Mauchly Computer Corporation, and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand (which later became part of Sperry, now Unisys). 6 1952; International Business Machines; IBM 701 EDPM Computer. 1954; John Backus & IBM. FORTRAN Computer Programming Language. 1955; Stanford Research Institute, Bank of America, and General Electric. ERMA and MICR. The IBM 701, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was announced to the public on April 29, 1952, and was IBM s first commercial scientific computer. Thomas Watson, Jr., had to persuade his father, Thomas Watson, Sr. into letting him develop and introduce these machines, reassuring him that these would not cannibalize IBM s core tabulating business. The first high level programming language, Fortran, was developed by IBM and was introduced in 1954, thus making it easier to create computer instruction code. ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting), was a computer development project under contract to Bank of America in order to automate banking bookkeeping. They were so successful in operation that Bank of America was propelled ahead of other banks in profitability, and became the world's largest bank by 1970. Magnetic ink character recognition, or MICR, is a character recognition technology used primarily by the banking industry to facilitate the processing and clearance of checks and other documents. 7 1958; Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce. The Integrated Circuit; Otherwise known as The Chip. An integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small chip of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent components. Thus far we have moved from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. Circuitry is becoming smaller and less power hungry. Spacewar, developed in 1962, is one of
1962; Steve Russell & MIT. Spacewar Computer Game; The first computer game invented. 1964; Douglas Engelbart. Computer Mouse; Nicknamed the mouse because the table came out the end. 1969; ARPAnet; The original Internet. the earliest known digital computer games. It is a two-player game, with each player taking control of a spaceship and attempting to destroy the other. The first computer mouse was introduced by Doug Engelbart in 1964, thus improving the computer interface. The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was one of the world's first packet switching networks, the first network to implement TCP/IP, and the beginning of the Internet. The Intel 1103 Computer Memory was created in 1970. It was the first Dynamic Random Access Memory chip. It was the first chip that was able to store large amounts of data. 1970; Intel 1103 Computer Memory; The world first available dynamic RAM chip. 8 1971; Intel 4004 Computer Microprocessor; The first microprocessor. 1971; Alan Shugart & IBM. The Floppy Disk; Nicked named the Floppy for its flexibility. 1973; Robert Metcalfe & Xerox. The Ethernet Computer Networking; Networking. The Intel 4004 is the first commercially available microprocessor and was originally designed as a chipset for high-performance desktop calculators. A floppy disk, or diskette is a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a cardboard or plastic sleeve. Floppy disks, initially started out as 8-inch media and later came in 5.25-inch Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). It is a standard which brought order to various Local Area Network topologies at the time. The Altair is one of the first consumer computers. Originally introduced as a kit, it was also sold fully assembled through mail order or through outlets such as Radio Shack. 1974/75; Altair 8800; One of the first consumer computers. 1976/77; Apply 1, 11 & TRS-80 &
Commodore Pet Computers; More first consumer computers. 9 1978; Don Bricklin & Bob Frankston. VisiCalc Spreadsheet Software; Any product that pays for itself in two weeks is a surefire winner. 1979; Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby. WordStar Software; Word Processors. In the late 1970s, the Apple 1 and 2, the Commodore PET, and the Tandy TRS-80, lovingly referred to as the trash 80 were introduced as consumer and even home computers although they were still targeted to hobbyists. It really took software to make them useful to a wider audience. Visicalc was the first spreadsheet program developed for these new consumer computers. Following that, Wordstar was one of the first word processors. This was the beginning of the end of the manual typewriter. The IBM PC was introduced in 1981 after Apple started to make inroads into the office, the domain of IBM. With the weight of IBM, various computer standards were set. Also, with the introduction of the IBM PC, we also got the Microsoft Disk Operating System or MS-DOS. 10 1983; Apple Lisa Computer; The first home computer with a GUI, graphical user interface. 1984; Apple Macintosh Computer; The more affordable home computer with a GUI. 1985; Microsoft Windows; Microsoft begins the friendly war with Apple. This slide wraps up our look at IT history, the rest you have most likely experienced yourself. The Lisa is a personal computer designed by Apple Computer, Inc. during the early 1980s. It was really the first personal computer to offer a graphical user interface in an inexpensive machine aimed at individual business users. Up until that time, everything was text based. The Macintosh followed in 1984 and was the first computer to be introduced with an integrated desktop publishing package as well as a mouse and a graphical user interface. It was targeted for home use, business use and for creatives, such as artists and graphic designers. Finally, in 1985 Microsoft introduced Windows as their version of a graphical user interface and thus started the competition between the two giants. The end of the 20 th century and the beginning of the 21 st century brought smaller computers on the desktop and in the data center. We went from luggable personal
computers to laptops to tablets to smartphones. In the data center we went from room size computers to blade servers to now virtual servers. Technology budgets were fat until we went through Y2K and the dot-bomb era and then all of a sudden, every purchase and every project had to be justified. That brings us to our current dilemma and the purpose of this course. How to lead the information management efforts of our organizations? 11 2015; Cloud Computing; Distributed computing away from the data center. 2015; Mobile Computing; Computing and communications in the palm of the hand. 2015; Big Data; Massive amounts of data to be processed and transformed into intelligence. As we wrap up this lecture, I would like you to think about how far we have come in this computing timeline that we have been talking about. In 2015 we are dealing with issues such as cloud computing. Our servers are no longer in our control or in our data centers. They are off being managed in different places by different people. The same is true of our applications. They are in different places being managed by different people. In 2015 we are dealing with smartphones in the workplace. This has become our computing device and our communication device. If you think out a few years, we will have something like Google Glass where we won t even have to hold our computer any more but computing will be in our field of vision. In 2015, we are also struggling with big data. So many devices are now producing data but we struggle to convert that data into meaningful information or dare I say wisdom. If you think about the intersection of big data and information visualization, it is really just our attempt to make sense of a seemingly unlimited data stream so that we can make intelligent decisions for ourselves and our organizations. As you think through this timeline, I want you to understand how far we have come and what is possible in the future.!