Computer Organization CS 206T

Transcription

1 Computer Organization CS 206T

2 Topics Introduction Historical Background Structure & Function System Interconnection 2

3 1. Introduction Why study computer organization and architecture? Design better programs, including system software such as compilers, operating systems, and device drivers. Optimize program behavior. Evaluate (benchmark) computer system performance. Understand time, space, and price tradeoffs. 3

4 1.11. Overview Introduction Computer organization Encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems. In other word the internal arrangements of a computer, which includes the design of the processor, memory and input/output circuits E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types. How does a computer work? how features are implemented 4

5 1.11. Overview Introduction Computer architecture those attributes or Logical aspects of system implementation as seen by the programmer. It describes features of a computer family (notably the instructions) and not the specific implementation, just like architecture of a house might be described as Victorian E.g., instruction sets, instruction formats, data types, addressing modes. How do I design a computer? Some do not differentiate between computer organization and computer architecture. 5

6 1. Introduction All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility At least backwards Organization differs between different versions 6

7 2. Historical Background To fully appreciate the computers of today, it is helpful to understand how things got the way they are. The evolution of computing machinery has taken place over several centuries. In modern times computer evolution is usually classified into four generations according to the salient technology of the era. We note that many of the following dates are approximate. 7

8 2. Historical Background Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines ( ) Calculating Clock - Wilhelm Schickard ( ). Pascaline - Blaise Pascal ( ). Difference Engine - Charles Babbage ( ), also designed but never built the Analytical Engine. Punched card tabulating machines - Herman Hollerith ( ). Hollerith cards were commonly used for computer input well into the 1970s. 8

9 2. Historical Background The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers ( ) Atanasoff Berry Computer ( ) solved systems of linear equations. John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry of Iowa State University. 9

10 2. Historical Background The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers ( ) Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert University of Pennsylvania, 1946 The ENIAC was the first general-purpose computer. 10

11 2. Historical Background The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers ( ) The IBM 650 first mass-produced computer. (1955) It was phased out in Other major computer manufacturers of this period include UNIVAC, Engineering Research Associates (ERA), and Computer Research Corporation (CRC). UNIVAC and ERA were bought by Remington Rand, the ancestor of the Unisys Corporation. CRC was bought by the Underwood (typewriter) Corporation, which left the computer business. 11

12 2. Historical Background The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers ( ) IBM 7094 (scientific) and 1401 (business) Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-1 Univac 1100 Control Data Corporation and many others. These systems had few architectural similarities. 12

13 Transistors Replaced vacuum tubes Smaller Cheaper 2. Historical Background Less heat dissipation Solid State device Made from Silicon (Sand) Invented 1947 at Bell Labs William Shockley et al.

14 2. Historical Background The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers ( ) IBM 360 DEC PDP-8 and PDP-11 Cray-1 supercomputer... and many others. By this time, IBM had gained overwhelming dominance in the industry. Computer manufacturers of this era were characterized as IBM and the BUNCH (Burroughs, Unisys, NCR, Control Data, and Honeywell). 14

15 2. Historical Background The Fourth Generation: Later Generations VLSI Computers (1980 -????) large scale integrated circuits (LSI) have 1000 components per chip. Very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) have more than 10,000 components per chip. Ultra very large scale integrated circuits (UVLSI) have more than 1000,000 components per chip. Enabled the creation of microprocessors. The first was the 4-bit Intel Later versions, such as the 8080, 8086, and 8088 spawned the idea of personal computing. 15

16 2. Historical Background Moore s Law (1965) Gordon Moore, Intel founder The density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year. Contemporary version: The density of silicon chips doubles every 18 months. 16

17 2. Historical Background Rock s Law Arthur Rock, Intel financier The cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four years. In 1968, a new chip plant cost about $12,

18 3. Structure & Function Structure is the way in which components relate to each other Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure 18

19 3.1. Function All computer functions are: Data processing Data storage Data movement Control 19

20 3.1. Operations (1) Data movement 20

21 3.1. Operations (2) Storage 21

22 3.1. Operation (3) Processing from I/O to storage 22

23 3.1.Operation (4) Processing from storage to I/O 23

24 3.2. Structure The Computer CPU Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions. Main memory Stores data I/O Moves data between the computer and its external environment System interconnection Provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O

25 3.2. Structure - Top Level Peripherals Computer Central Processing Unit Main Memory Computer Systems Interconnection Communication lines Input Output 25

26 3.2. Structure - The CPU Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computer s data processing functions Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers 26

27 3.2. Structure - The CPU CPU I/O Computer System Bus Memory CPU Registers Internal CPU Interconnection Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit 27

28 3.2. Structure - The Control Unit Control Unit ALU CPU Internal Bus Registers Control Unit Sequencing Logic Control Unit Registers and Decoders Control Memory 28

29 Computer Components: Top Level View

30 4. Components Interconnection 30 The interconnection structure must support the following types of transfers: Memory to processor Processor to memory I/O to processor Processor to I/O I/O to or from memory Processor reads an instruction or a unit of data from memory Processor writes a unit of data to memory Processor reads data from an I/O device via an I/O module Processor sends data to the I/O device An I/O module is allowed to exchange data directly with memory without going through the processor using direct memory access

31 A communication pathway connecting two or more devices Key characteristic is that it is a shared transmission medium Typically consists of multiple communication lines Each line is capable of transmitting signals representing binary 1 and binary 0 System bus A bus that connects major computer components (processor, memory, I/O) Signals transmitted by any one device are available for reception by all other devices attached to the bus If two devices transmit during the same time period their signals will overlap and become garbled Computer systems contain a number of different buses that provide pathways between components at various levels of the computer system hierarchy The most common computer interconnection structures are based on the use of one or more system buses B u s I n t e r c o n 31 n e c t i o n

32 Data Bus 32 Data lines that provide a path for moving data among system modules May consist of 32, 64, 128, or more separate lines The number of lines is referred to as the width of the data bus The number of lines determines how many bits can be transferred at a time The width of the data bus is a key factor in determining overall system performance

33 + Address Bus Control Bus 33 Used to designate the source or destination of the data on the data bus If the processor wishes to read a word of data from memory it puts the address of the desired word on the address lines Width determines the maximum possible memory capacity of the system Also used to address I/O ports The higher order bits are used to select a particular module on the bus and the lower order bits select a memory location or I/O port within the module Used to control the access and the use of the data and address lines Because the data and address lines are shared by all components there must be a means of controlling their use Control signals transmit both command and timing information among system modules Timing signals indicate the validity of data and address information Command signals specify operations to be performed

34 Bus Interconnection Scheme 34

35 That s all.. Chapter 1: Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance, Chapter1: The Essential of Computer Organization and Architecture Chapter 3: Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance 35