Recent Research in Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures and Cyber Security Yi Qian Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Nebraska, NE, USA E-mail: yi.qian@unl.edu Web: cns.unl.edu/yqian October 18, 2016
Introduction to Smart Grid RELIABILITY ENHANCED DEMAND DEVICES RESPONSE EFFICIENCY SMOOTH PEAK LOAD SMART GRID UPGADE ELECTRICITY GENERATOR RENEWABLE SOURCES EVOLUTION BIG DATA ADVANCED CLOUD COMPUTING CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES WIRELESS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM METER SERVICE TWO-WAY INFORMATION NETWORK CONSUMER 2
Motivations & Objectives of Smart Grid Higher Penetration of Renewables Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles Consumers to Control Energy Bills Efficient Grid Operations & Reduced Losses Reduced Distribution Outages Improved System Reliability & Security Increased productivity Improved utilization Lower Greenhouse Gas Emission Facilitated renewable resource generation Enhanced customer experience Adherence to regulatory constraints 3
What is Smart Grid? An upgrade on upgrading generation, transmission, and distribution systems Incorporating advanced information and communications technologies (ICT) and control DoE defines Smart Grid in terms of key functions Enabling active participation by consumers to adjust consumption based on price and overall demand Better matching generation and demand Integrating renewable (e.g., solar, hydro, wind, etc.) and distributed power generation sources Providing more and better energy storage options Improving power quality, reliability, and enhancing resiliency: wide area situational awareness (WASA) Demand response 4
The ICT Framework in Smart Grid 5
Proposed ICT Framework (Big) Data Analytics Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Two-way communications RAW DATA USEFUL INFO 6
Networks in the ICT Framework Private networks: deployed by utility companies Networks in the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) Metering data gathering Demand response control message distribution Networks in the wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) Monitoring data gathering Controlling message distribution Etc. Public networks: Internet based public network service Remote monitoring and control from smart phones E.g., smart appliances that have Wi-Fi connection to the Internet Data transmission through cellular network service E.g., transactional data from EVs Applying public cloud computing service For big data analytics Etc. 7
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Backbone (Fiber optics) MDMS(Metering Data Management System) Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) enables two-way communicationbetween utilities and customers. 8
Source: http://sine.ni.com/cs/app/doc/p/id/cs-16856#prettyphoto 9
Smart Appliances Figure sources: http://insidebitcoins.com/news/bitcoin-and-the-economy-of-things/26486 http://news.filehippo.com/2013/03/smart-grid-the-future-of-home-appliances/ http://housesogreen.com/2012/08/review-lennox-icomfort-wi-fi-thermostat-sonos-for-air-conditioners/ http://www.isustainableearth.com/green-products/the-lowdown-on-modern-electric-vehicles http://www.engadget.com/2015/02/03/irl-a-month-controlling-my-coffeemaker-over-wifi/ 10
Security in the ICT Framework 11
Security Requirements Demand Response WideArea Monitoring System Cloud Computing Confidentiality Integrity Non-repudiation Pricing forecast X X Energy forecast X X X Metering data X X X Monitoring data Control message X X Pre-processed data X X X Raw energy forecast X X X External Sources Other information X X Various types of data in smart grid communications have different security requirements as well as delay requirements 12
Security Mechanisms Active DAP 2 Uninitialized 1 Active neighbor 2 AS 1 = request 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 DAP 1 Active DAP 3 AS 2 = 2 2 1 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 Active DAP Initial authentication process A supplicant sends request to all of its active neighboring nodes The active neighboring nodes relay the request to the AS 4 4 = 3 2 5 2 + 5 5 = 2 1 6 1 + 6 6 = 1,2 3 = 1 1 1 3!" 2 + Detailed process 3 = 3 4 3 + 4 3 = 2 3 3 Authentication and key management process for private networks. Illustrated with DAPs in AMI as communication nodes 13
Security Mechanisms (cont d) Security scheme for uplink transmission (single link). Authentication Server t Authentication Server t ( ) E* ) ( + E E* + t XOR H* * t XOR H* + * Broadcasting messages Individual messages Security scheme for downlink transmission. Security scheme for uplink transmission (multi link aggregation). Security schemes in uplink and downlink transmissions 14
Security Mechanisms (cont d) Security scheme based on zero-knowledge proof for the proposed distributed learning technique. 15
Security Mechanisms For internal data transmission over the Internet Utility company does not have complete control Huge amount of sensitive data goes through uncontrollable networks (by power companies) How to protect such transmission? We proposed to use identity-based security schemes to assist existing security schemes in the Internet and cloud computing servers More efficient security parameter management More control on the side of utility company Identity Expiration time Anyone in the domain can generate public keys of other parties Public keys are refreshed easily Public Key Generation Private Key Generation Private keys are generated by private key generator (PKG) Outdated private keys are easily revoked 16
Proposed ID-Based Signcryption Preliminaries Bilinear mapping: Bilinearity: for all and. Non-degeneracy: for any for all. Computability: there is a polynomial time algorithm for computing for all. Proposed ID-based signcryption scheme Controlled by utility companies 17
Analysis of the IBSC Scheme Security analysis The security of the proposed IBSC is based on the following computational problems Computational Diffie-Hellman Problem: given,,,-,. 0 1,,,-,. 3 4, there is no polynomial time algorithm to compute,- 0 1 Bilinear Diffie-Hellman Problem: given,,,-,. 0 1,,,-,. 3 4, there is no polynomial time algorithm to compute 5, 789 0 : Performance analysis Modified Weil pairing is adopted to apply performance analysis Weil pairing over supersingular elliptic curve Modified Weil pairing:, where and is a primitive cube root of unity in. G 2 IJK 3 G =,L 1, for some prime G and positive integer, N is the multiplier in 0 1 A =?BC - D E =?BC - # of ;< # of mul # of # of # of = > =? = @ Signcrypt 1 5 1 2 1 Decrypt 1 0 0 0 1 Sign 0 3 1 0 0 Verify 3 1 1 1 0 A =?BC - D E = B>? - A = @FB - D E =?BC - A = @FB - D E = B>? - Signcrypt 39.59 ms 68.89 ms 45.4 ms 74.7 ms Decrypt 7.44 ms 7.44 ms 13.25 ms 13.25 ms Sign 19.29 ms 36.87 ms 19.29 ms 36.87 ms Verify 28.75 ms 34.61 ms 46.18 ms 52.04 ms Intel Core i5 @ 3.1 GHz & 8G RAM 18
Possible Applications of the Proposed IBSC Scheme Short message encipherment Digital signature Session key distribution Signing right delegation One to many One to one Signing right delegation When a local control center is under maintenance Not available due to cyber attack/natural disaster Etc. 19
Future Research Directions 20
Future Research Directions Optimization of renewable power source deployment and operation To better accommodate the management of fossil fuel based power sources Fast and reliable learning techniques for big data analytics Power consumption analysis Smart pricing analysis Real time anomaly detection (e.g., PMU data) Large scale graph modeling techniques To better analyze the relationship among pieces of information Parallel computing and cloud computing To speed up computation To enhance scalability 21
Future Research Directions (cont d) Better integration of EVs Fast vehicular network for data exchange (Near) real-time big data analytics for EVs Cyber security Fast privacy protection without traditional encryption algorithms Or fast encryption algorithms Real-time data integrity protection Real-time anomaly detection, etc. Cloud security Etc. 22
Conclusion 23
Conclusion Smart grid is a massive cyber physical system Advanced ICT are applied in smart grid communication infrastructures Smart grid generates big data Big data analytics is important to DR, monitoring system, and other applications in smart grid Many issues remain open in big data research of smart grid communications Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under the grant CNS-1423408 24
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