Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet

Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet Prashant Kumar Singh Dept. of CSE IIT Bombay psingh@cse.iitb.ac.in October 2013 Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 1 / 31

Contents 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Learning and Interactivity 3 Bringing Interactivity to e-books 4 Interactivity in epub: Created Book 5 Problem Statement and Solution Strategy Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 2 / 31

Current Section 1 Introduction and Motivation 2 Learning and Interactivity 3 Bringing Interactivity to e-books 4 Interactivity in epub: Created Book 5 Problem Statement and Solution Strategy Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 3 / 31

Introduction Era of Science and Technology Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 4 / 31

Introduction Era of Science and Technology Technology and education Smart classrooms e-learning Digital books Course Management Systems (Moodle) Online Courses (Coursera and NPTEL) Learning by e-books: Possible shortcomings more chances of distraction No interactive demonstrations Verbal symbols do not leave a concrete experience Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 4 / 31

Motivation To overcome the mentioned limitations of e-books Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 5 / 31

Motivation To overcome the mentioned limitations of e-books Interactive e-books enables reader to communicate with e-books embedded interactive multimedia, so interesting to read learning at your own pace learning not just by watching better learning environment Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 5 / 31

Learning Learning Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 7 / 31

Learning Learning Learning Hypothesis Passive Learning Hypothesis: Content same, Learning same Active Learning Hypothesis: Way of teaching Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 7 / 31

Learning Learning Learning Hypothesis Passive Learning Hypothesis: Content same, Learning same Active Learning Hypothesis: Way of teaching Cone of Experience Forgetting Curve Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 7 / 31

Cone of Experience Figure: Cone of experience Cone of Experience Edgar Dale: Audio visual methods in teaching 1946 Studied various audio-visual media Describes concreteness of audio-visual media Lower layer and upper layer Three regions Symbolic region: Knowledge that comes by listening or seeing Iconic region: Knowledge by motion pictures like television Enactive region: Knowledge that comes through action Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 8 / 31

Forgetting Curve Figure: Forgetting Curve Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist explains how fast the process of forgetting takes place relation between memory and time exponential loss in information (Red Curve) effect of revision (Green Lines) Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 9 / 31

Effect of Interactivity: An Experiment by Evans and Gibbons Aim To investigate the impact of interactivity on students Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 10 / 31

Effect of Interactivity: An Experiment by Evans and Gibbons Aim To investigate the impact of interactivity on students Environment Year: 2007 No of students 33 (22 male and 11 female) Undergraduate students at a university in London background in physics Topic Taught: Working of a Bicycle Pump Method Two sub groups, random selection, I and NI Group two quizzes to solve Memory Test(2 question): How Bicycle pump works Transfer Test(3 question) What could be done to make pump more effective, to make it move air more rapidly One hour duration Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 10 / 31

Non Interactive Group 17 students Screen contained diagram of a pump with a little description of six up stages and six down stages Figure: Demonstration for Non Interactive Group Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 11 / 31

Interactive Group 16 students Screen displays a diagram of a pump with a next button When presses repeatedly, screen shows various stages Figure: Demonstration for Interactive Group Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 12 / 31

Observations 1 Marks 2 Time taken Transfer Test Mean I Group 2.5 (out of 6) NI Group 1.8 (out of 6) I Group NI Group Mean Test time 785.5 seconds 1160.8 seconds Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 13 / 31

Observations... Graph shows interactive group took more time for lesson, but took less time for Test as compared to non interactive group Figure: Time spent on learning and time spent on test Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 14 / 31

Similar Work Saswan Nusir et al. also performed a similar experiment. Aim : Effect of effect of Multimedia programs on children learning Grade-1 children were selected Two groups, Traditional Group: 122 students, Multimedia group: 123 students Simple mathematics concept was taught(fraction) Test was organized to check the effect. Mean Scores: Traditional: 8.05 while Multimedia Group: 8.47 Cartoon characters were used to teach Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 15 / 31

Animations in Learning Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31

Animations in Learning Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle 1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31

Animations in Learning Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle 1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration 2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text 3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time 4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds 5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animation and Text) Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31

Animations in Learning Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle 1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration 2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text 3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time 4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds 5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animation and Text) 6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it is redundant Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31

Animations in Learning Richard E. Mayer, educationist, gave seven principle 1 Multimedia Principle: Animation + Narration, instead of narration 2 Spatial Contiguity Principle: Animation close to text 3 Temporal Contiguity Principle: Animation and Narration at same time 4 Coherence Principle: remove irrelevant sounds 5 Modality Principle: (Animation + Narration) instead of (Animation and Text) 6 Redundancy Principle: (Animation + Narration) if text is used, it is redundant 7 Personalization Principle: Conversational style instead of formal style Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 16 / 31

Interactivity in e-books Technology and e-books Lack of interactive features chalk and talk method Features of interactive e-books Support for audio and video content Support for SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) Support for in-book quizzing Support for reflowability of content Better educational environment Interesting to read Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 18 / 31

Spoken Tutorials Video lectures with audio narration of slides Audio can be dubbed in any Language Small size videos Benefits of Spoken tutorial People with poor English will be able to learn Narration in Indian accent makes it easy to understand Learning at a speed that suits you better Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 19 / 31

epub epub open standard e-book format Free and Open Supports interactive features file extension.epub Version of epub Version 2.0.1 Version 3 Reflowability of content. Current version Year 2011 Support for audio and video Support for MathML Support for CSS3 Support for HTML5 Support for SVG Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 20 / 31

Structure of epub Zip archive One file with two directories(oepbs and META-INF) Figure: Directory Structure of epub Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 21 / 31

Structure of epub... mimetype: identifies a file over internet META-INF Directory contains container.xml container.xml contains path of content.opf OEPBS Directory Contains all data files content.opf content.opf contains all meta-data, address and mimetype of all data files order of coverpage and chapters in final books Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 22 / 31

Interactivity in epub: Created Book Use of HTML5 CSS and JavaScript. JavaScript can be used to create quizzes Figure: A book having embedded video Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 24 / 31

Interactivity in epub: Created Book... With the help of JavaScript, we can create in-book quizzes. Figure: A book having quiz Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 25 / 31

Authoring tools for e-books ibooks Author Organization : Apple Year : 2012 License : Proprietary Anyone having a Mac can create interactive e-books with help of ibooks Author Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 26 / 31

Authoring tools for e-books ibooks Author Organization : Apple Year : 2012 License : Proprietary Anyone having a Mac can create interactive e-books with help of ibooks Author Pubbsoft online tool for creating animated books for i-pad and i-phone free to use Interface based on drag and drop No programming required, designed for non technical users Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 26 / 31

Authoring tools for e-books ibooks Author Organization : Apple Year : 2012 License : Proprietary Anyone having a Mac can create interactive e-books with help of ibooks Author Pubbsoft online tool for creating animated books for i-pad and i-phone free to use Interface based on drag and drop No programming required, designed for non technical users Sigil Open-source Allows WYSIWYG editing for epub ebook Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 26 / 31

Problem Statement and Solution Strategy Problem Statement Searching other possible ways of making books interactive Creating a tool to automate the process of creating interactive e-books Solution Strategy HTML5 and JavaScript will be explored An automation tool will be created, that takes text and interactive media as input and produces an interactive e-book Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 28 / 31

Conclusion Interactivity in e-books: recent concept in education can be a revolutionary idea epub has the capability of bringing interactivity epub: still in development phase Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 29 / 31

References C. Evans and N. J. Gibbons, The interactivity effect in multimedia learning, Computers & Education, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1147 1160, 2007. R. Mayer and R. Moreno, Animation as an aid to multimedia learning, Educational Psychology Review, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 8799, 2002. M. A.-K. SAWSAN NUSIR, IZZAT ALSMADI and F. SHARADGAH, Studying the impact of using multimedia interactive programs on childrens ability to learn basic math skills, E-Learning and Digital Media,, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 305319, 2013. Wikipedia, Epub wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2013. http:// en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=epub&oldid=570516078 Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 30 / 31

Thank You Prashant Kumar Singh (IIT Bombay) Interactive e-books on Aakash Tablet October 2013 31 / 31