IP over ATM SDH DWDM Mario Baldi Politecnico di Torino (Technical University of Turin) www.baldi.info IPinterconnection - 1 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
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IP Everywhere. Anything else? Wide Area? IPinterconnection - 3 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Which is the Best Interconnection Topology? IPinterconnection - 4 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Even if You Know It, You Know It only Now! It can change on a monthly base different customers different customer needs It can change on a weekly base events It can change on a daily base business users during week-days, residential users during the week-end It can change on a hourly base business hours evening entertainment IPinterconnection - 5 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
IP over Photons Routers are connected by optical fibers The optical signal transmitted by a router is received by the other Layer 2 framing as in any synchronous transmission PPP IEEE 802.3 IPinterconnection - 6 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Pros and Cons No overhead Physical connections: no reconfigurability One interface per connection No standard management infrastructure IPinterconnection - 7 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
IP over Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Many transmissions with different wavelengths (colors) on the same fiber Multiplies fiber capacity Optical switches with wavelength routing Layer 2 framing: PPP IPinterconnection - 8 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Pros and Cons Very high capacity Virtual connections with optical routing No standard management infrastructure Static multiplexing Reconfiguration Flexibility? One interface for many connections? How about IP addresses? One per physical interface? One per wavelength? IPinterconnection - 9 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
IP over SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical NETwork Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) Physical layer framing Cross connect Fine allocation granularity Management framework Layer 2 framing: PPP IPinterconnection - 10 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Transmission Hierarchy PDH Hierarchy SDH Hierarchy Europe USA USA: SONET Europe: SDH E1 2.048 Mbps T1 - DS1 1.544 Mbps OC-1c / STS-1c 51.84 Mbps E3 34.368 Mbps T3 - DS3 44.736 Mbps OC-3c / STS-3c 155.52 Mbps STM-1 155.52 Mbps E4 139.26 Mbps OC-12c / STS-12c 622.08 Mbps STM-4 622.08 Mbps OC-48c / STS-48c 2.4 Gbps STM-12 2.4 Gbps IPinterconnection - 11 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
SONET/SDH MUX Add/Drop MUX SONET/SDH MUX Physical Architecture Section: fiber optics trunk between transceivers Line: sequence of sections between devices which operates on the frame Path: end-to-end leased line T Repeater Repeater T T T T T Section Section Section Section Line Line Path IPinterconnection - 12 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Protocol Architecture Photonic Layer: fiber, laser Section Layer: frames, OAM (Operation Administration and Management) Line Layer: synchronization, multiplexing, switching, OAM Path Layer: end-to-end data (bytes) transfer Terminal Repeater Multiplexer Terminal Higher Layer Higher Layer Path Layer Line Layer Section Layer Envelope STS-N / STM-N Block Frame Section Layer Line Layer Section Layer Path Layer Line Layer Section Layer Photonic Layer Photonic Layer Photonic Layer Photonic Layer Light IPinterconnection - 13 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
9 octets Frame Format STS-1: 810 octets every 125 s 51.84 Mbps s 3 octets 90 octets Synchronous Payload Environment (SPE) 87 octets A1 A2 C1 J1 B1 E1 F1 B3 D1 D2 D3 C2 H1 H2 H3 G1 B2 K1 K2 Payload F2 Payload D4 D5 D6 H4 D7 D8 D9 Z3 D10 D11 D12 Z4 Z1 Z2 E2 Z5 Section Overhead Line Overhead Path Overhead s IPinterconnection - 14 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Pros and Cons Standard OAM architecture Virtual connections One interface per connection Static multiplexing Limited reconfiguration flexibility IPinterconnection - 15 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
IP over ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Cell switching flexible multiplexing Semi-permanent and switched virtual connections Layer 2 protocol no need for layer 2 framing IPinterconnection - 16 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Pros and Cons Virtual connections Multiple connections per interface Total reconfiguration flexibility Support for other services (e.g., frame relay) Flexible multiplexing High protocol overhead (more than 10%) IPinterconnection - 17 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
IP over FR (Frame Relay) Frame switching flexible multiplexing Semi-permanent virtual connections Layer 2 protocol no need for layer 2 framing IPinterconnection - 18 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Pros and Cons Virtual connections Multiple connections per interface Large installed base No Quality of Service Guarantees Why is another packet switching layer needed? Because IP lacks traffic engineering capability IPinterconnection - 19 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) Frame switching flexible multiplexing Dynamic virtual connections (label switched paths) Layer 2 protocol tightly integrated with layer 3 IPinterconnection - 20 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2
Pros and Cons Virtual connections Multiple connections per interface One control plane: no IP over No Quality of Service Guarantees IPinterconnection - 21 Copyright: si veda nota a pag. 2