Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers in Medicine
Types of medical data Medical data Alphanumeric Medical images Physiological signals
Types of medical data Medical data Alphanumeric Medical images Physiological signals Patient s name and address Identification number Results of lab tests Physicians notes
Types of medical data Medical data Alphanumeric Medical images Physiological signals Patient s name and address Identification number Results of lab tests Physicians notes X-ray Computer tomogram Magnetic resonance image Ultrasound image
Types of medical data Medical data Alphanumeric Medical images Physiological signals Patient s name and address Identification number Results of lab tests Physicians notes X-ray Computer tomogram Magnetic resonance image Ultrasound image Electrocardiogram Electroencephalogram Blood pressure tracing
Alphanumeric medical data storage and processing Saved on general purpose mainframe computer Real-time processing not necessary Used extensively for billing systems
Medical image storage and processing Traditionally archived on film Current trend toward PACS (picture archiving and communication systems) Workstations with high resolution computer displays Distributed computing Images stored on optical disks High-speed local area network (LAN) communication
Physiological signal storage and processing Microcomputer-based medical instrumentation Real-time signal processing often involved
Basic elements of a medical care system
Basic elements of a medical care system Patient
Basic elements of a medical care system Patient Collection of data
Basic elements of a medical care system Patient Collection of data Analysis of data
Basic elements of a medical care system Patient Collection of data Analysis of data Decision making
Basic elements of a medical care system Patient Therapy Collection of data Analysis of data Decision making
Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system
Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Patient
Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Patient
Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Electrical analogs (voltages) Patient Sensors
Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Electrical analogs (voltages) Patient Sensors Processor
Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Electrical analogs (voltages) Patient Sensors Processor Display Recorder Network
Basic elements of a medical instrumentation system Physiological signals Electrical analogs (voltages) Patient Sensors Processor Controller Open or closed loop control Display Recorder Network
Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
Evolution of implantable pacemaker technology Original Asynchronous fixed-rate oscillator Discrete components Epoxy with silastic coating Mechanical adjustments Sutured endocardial electrodes Mercury batteries (2-year life) Current Pacing on demand; rhythm analysis and defibrillation Hybrid integrated circuits Laser-welded titanium Bi-directional telemetry Intravenous catheter electrodes Lithium batteries (8-year life)
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
Charles Babbageʼs mechanical computer First programmer: Augusta Ada Lovelace
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC) John Atanasoff received the Ph.D. degree from UW-Madison
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
ENIAC University of Pennsylvania 30 tons 18,000 vacuum tubes 140 kilowatts 5000 additions/sec 20 10-digit number memory
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
Transistor Invented by John Bardeen and two others at Bell Labs, Nobel Prize UW BSEE and MSEE, Born in Madison, Wisconsin Obtained a second Nobel Prize for the theory of superconductivity
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
Univac First transistorized computer
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
First integrated circuit (IC) Invented by Jack Kilby UW MSEE Nobel Prize
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
MIT LINC (Laboratory Instrument Computer) First interactive computer (Wes Clark)
Emeritus Prof. C. Daniel Geisler
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8 Minicomputer First commercial minicomputer
DEC LINC-8 (Laboratory Instrument Computer) First commercial interactive computer
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
First microprocessor - Intel 4004 (about 2000 transistors)
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
Worldʼs first microcomputer Based on Intel 8080 microprocessor
Altair 8800 computer
Cromemco microcomputer (Intel 8080/Zilog Z80)
Apple II
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
IBM PC
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
Apple Macintosh
History of the computer 1948 Transistor invented 1800s Mechanical computers 1941 First electronic computer 1946 ENIAC 1950 Univac I 1959 IC invented 1971 Microprocessor invented 1961 LINC 1965 DEC PDP-8 1975 First personal computer 1981 IBM PC 1984 Macintosh
Evolution of the computer
Evolution of the computer
A doubling experiment
A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before.
A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before. How many pennies would you give him on the 11th, 21st, and 31st days of the month?
A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before. How many pennies would you give him on the 11th, 21st, and 31st days of the month? 2 10 = 1,024 pennies = $10.24
A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before. How many pennies would you give him on the 11th, 21st, and 31st days of the month? 2 10 = 1,024 pennies = $10.24 2 20 = 1,048,576 pennies = $10,485.76
A doubling experiment On the first day of a month, you give your professor a penny. On each successive day, you give him twice as many pennies as the day before. How many pennies would you give him on the 11th, 21st, and 31st days of the month? 2 10 = 1,024 pennies = $10.24 2 20 = 1,048,576 pennies = $10,485.76 2 30 pennies = 1,073,741,824 pennies (more than $10 million)
Computing power versus cost 100,000 10 PC @ 0.1 MIPS (8088) Cost per MIPS (in Dollars) 10,000 1,000 0.1 PC @ 10 MIPS (80486) 1 PC @ 1 MIPS (80286) 100 1981 1986 1991 Year
Number of components in a PC 1000 Number of Integrated Circuits 100 10 256 KB 512 KB 2 MB 4 MB 1 1984 1987 1990 1993 Year
Image/signal analysis
Image/signal analysis
Image/signal analysis
Image/signal analysis
Image/signal analysis
Signal representation 0 0 0 0 2 5 8 10 13 14 14 14 12 11 9 7 5 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 11 20 33 51 72 91 103 105 96 77 53 27 5-11 -23-28 -28-23 -17-10 -5-1 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 29 31 34 37 39 42 44 47 49 52 54 55 56 57 57 58 58 57 57 56 56 54 52 50 47 43 40 36 33 29 26 23 20 17 14 12 10 8 7 5 3 2 1 1 0 0 0
Signal representation 0 0 0 0 2 5 8 10 13 14 14 14 12 11 9 7 5 4 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 11 20 33 51 72 91 103 105 96 77 53 27 5-11 -23-28 -28-23 -17-10 -5-1 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 29 31 34 37 39 42 44 47 49 52 54 55 56 57 57 58 58 57 57 56 56 54 52 50 47 43 40 36 33 29 26 23 20 17 14 12 10 8 7 5 3 2 1 1 0 0 0
Comparison of PC and brain
Exponential growth of computing From Kurzweil, 2001
Recommended reading Jeff Hawkins, On Intelligence, 2004.
Recommended reading Jeff Hawkins, On Intelligence, 2004.
Human-human communication
Human-computer communication
The future of computers in medical instrumentation
The future of computers in medical instrumentation ipod/iphone portable applications
The future of computers in medical instrumentation ipod/iphone portable applications Portable personal computers for physiological monitoring (e.g., Star Trek Tricorders)
The future of computers in medical instrumentation ipod/iphone portable applications Portable personal computers for physiological monitoring (e.g., Star Trek Tricorders) Desktop supercomputers
The future of computers in medical instrumentation ipod/iphone portable applications Portable personal computers for physiological monitoring (e.g., Star Trek Tricorders) Desktop supercomputers Artificial neural network (ANN) on a chip
Medical instrumentation - then and now
Medical instrumentation - then and now
The End