Computer Generation Computer Evolution Budditha Hettige Department of Computer Science 1. Zeroth generation- Mechanical Computers (1642-1940) 2. First generation - Vacuum Tubes (1940-1955) 3. Second Generation -Transistors (1956-1963) 4. Third Generation - Integrated Circuits (1964-1971) 5. Forth Generation VLS-Integration (1971-present) 6. Fifth Generation Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond) (2011) Computer System architectures 2 The Zero Generation (3) Prior to the 1500s, a typical European businessperson used an abacus for calculations Pascal s machine Addition and Subtraction Analytical engine Four components (Store, mill, input, output) Charles Babbage Difference Engine 1823 Analytic Engine 1833 The forerunner of modern digital computer The first conception of a general purpose computer (2011) Computer System architectures 3 (2011) Computer System architectures 4 First Generation-Vacuum Tubes (1945-1955) First generation computers are characterized by the use of vacuum tube logic Developments ABC ENIAC UNIVAC I First Generation- Time Line Date Event Description Arithmetic Logic Memory 1942 ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer binary vacuum tubes capacitors 1946 ENIAC 1947 EDVAC 1948 The Baby Electronic Numerical Integrator decimal vacuum tubes vacuum tubes And Computer Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines binary vacuum tubes CRST 1949 UNIVAC I Universal Automatic Computer decimal vacuum tubes mercury delay lines 1949 EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines 1952 IAS Institute for Advanced Study binary vacuum tubes cathode ray tubes 1953 IBM 701 binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines (2011) Computer System architectures 5 (2011) Computer System architectures 6
Von Neumann architecture ABC - Atanasoff-Berry Computer world's first electronic digital computer The ABC used binary arithmetic 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 7 (2011) Computer System architectures 8 ENIAC First general purpose computer Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Designed and built by Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania during 1943-45 capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems The first, completely electronic, operational, general-purpose analytical calculator! 30 tons, 72 square meters, 200KW Performance Read in 120 cards per minute Addition took 200 µs, Division 6 ms UNIVAC - UNIVersal Automatic Computer The first commercial computer UNIVAC was delivered in 1951 designed at the outset for business and administrative use The UNIVAC I had 5200 vacuum tubes, weighed 29,000 pounds, and consumed 125 kilowatts of electrical power Originally priced at US$159,000 (2011) Computer System architectures 9 (2011) Computer System architectures 10 The Second Generation-Transistors (1955-1965) Second generation computers are characterized by the use of discrete transistor logic Use of magnetic core for primary storage Developments IBM 1620 System IBM 7030 System IBM 7090 System IBM 7094 System IBM 7090 The IBM 7090 system was announced in 1958. The 7090 included a multiplexor which supported up to 8 I/O channels. The 7090 supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic. Two fixed point numbers could be added in 4.8 microseconds, and two floating point numbers could be added in 16.8 microseconds. The 7090 had 32,768 thirty-six bit words of core storage. In 1960, the American Airlines SABRE system used two 7090 systems. Cost of a 7090 system was in the $3,000,000 range. (2011) Computer System architectures 11 (2011) Computer System architectures 12
IBM 1620 The IBM 1620 system was announced in 1959. The IBM 1620 system had up to 60,000 digits of core storage (6 bits each.) Floating point hardware was optional. The IBM 1620 system performed decimal arithmetic. The system was digit oriented, not word oriented. IBM 7030 The IBM 7030 system was announced in 1960. The IBM 7030 system used magnetic core for main memory, and magnetic disks for secondary storage. The ALU could perform 1,000,000 operations per second. Up to 32 I/O channels were supported. The 7030 was also referred to as "Stretch." Cost of a 7030 system was in the $10,000,000 range. (2011) Computer System architectures 13 (2011) Computer System architectures 14 IBM 7094 The IBM 7094 system was announced in 1962. The 7094 was an improved 7090. The 7094 introduced double precision floating point arithmetic. Third Generation Third generation computers are characterized by the use of integrated circuit logic. Development IBM System/360 (2011) Computer System architectures 15 (2011) Computer System architectures 16 IBM S 360 The IBM S/360 family was announced in 1964. Included both multiplexor and selector I/O channels. Supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic. Had a micro programmed instruction set. Cost between $133,000 and $12,500,000. Forth Generation Very Large Scale(VLSI) and Ultra Large scale(ulsi) Fourth generation computers are characterized by the use of microprocessors. Semiconductor memory was commonly used Development Intel AMD etc (2011) Computer System architectures 17 (2011) Computer System architectures 18
Intel 4004 Intel 4004-1971 The Intel 4004 microprocessor was announced in 1971. The Intel 4004 microprocessor had 2,300 transistors. A clock speed of 108 KHz. A die size of 12 sq mm. 4 bit memory access. 4 bit registers. The Intel 4004 microprocessor supported Up to 32,768 bits of program storage. Up to 5,120 bits of data storage. The 4004 was used mainly in calculators. (2011) Computer System architectures 19 (2011) Computer System architectures 20 MOS 6502 The MOS 6502 microprocessor was announced in 1975. The MOS 6502 microprocessor had A clock speed of 1 MHz. 8 bit memory access. 8 bit registers. The MOS 6502 microprocessor supported Up to 65,536 bytes (8 bit) of main memory. The MOS 6502 was used in The Apple II personal computer. The Comodore PET personal computer. The KIM-1 computer kit. The Atari 2600 game system. The Nintendo Famicon game system. Initial price of the 6502 was $25.00. Intel Pentium IV - 2001 State of the art 42 million transistors 2GHz 0.13µm process Could fit ~15,000 4004s on this chip! (2011) Computer System architectures 21 (2011) Computer System architectures 22 Now - zenterprise196 Microprocessor 1.4 billion transistors, Quad core design Up to 96 cores (80 visible to OS) in one multichip module 5.2 GHz, IBM 45nm SOI CMOS technology 64-bit virtual addressing original 360 was 24-bit; 370 was a 31-bit extension Superscalar, out-of-order Up to 72 instructions in flight Variable length instruction pipeline: 15-17 stages Each core has 2 integer units, 2 load-store units and 2 floating point units 8K-entry Branch Target Buffer Very large buffer to support commercial workload Four Levels of caches: 64KB L1 I-cache, 128KB L1 D-cache 1.5MB L2 cache per core 24MB shared on-chip L3 cache 192MB shared off-chip L4 cache Fifth Generation Computing devices, based on artificial intelligence Features Voice recognition, Parallel processing Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization (2011) Computer System architectures 23 (2011) Computer System architectures 24
Fifth Generation Type of Computers Supercomputers Mainframe computers Mini Computers Personal Computers 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 25 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 26 Supercomputer Mainframe computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 27 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 28 Mini Computers minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a class of smaller computers that developed in the mid-1960s Types of Microcomputers Servers Desktop Laptop PDA Mobile phones etc. 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 29
Server Desktop 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 31 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 32 Laptop PDA 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 33 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 34 Tablet Virtual Computers 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 35 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 36