Contents Preface ix Chapter 1 Terrorism 1 Terrorism in General 2 Definition of Terrorism 3 Why Choose Terrorism 4 Goals of Terrorists 5 Selection of Targets and Timing of Attacks 6 Perpetrators 7 Weapons of Mass Destruction 11 Islamic Fundamentalism 12 References 16 Chapter 2 The Threat to Drinking Water Systems 17 Why Drinking Water Systems Could Be a Target 19 Scenarios of Concern 20 Potential Sites for Contamination 25 Contaminants 31 What Has Already Occurred at Drinking Water Utilities 42 References 48 Chapter 3 The Threat to Wastewater Systems 53 Why Wastewater Systems Might Be Targeted 53 Scenarios of Concern 54 Contamination Endpoints of Concern 56 Documented Incidents in Wastewater Systems 56 Conclusions 61 References 61 iii 20605 Homeland Security.indb 3 12/10/2009 4:58:42 PM
Chapter 4 Legislative and Regulatory Aspects of Water Security and Emergency Preparedness 63 Homeland Security Presidential Directives 67 Conclusions 71 References 72 Chapter 5 THE WATER SECTOR-SPECIFIC PLAN AND ACTIVE AND EFFECTIVE SECURITY PROGRAMS 73 Sector-Specific Plans 73 Ten Features of Active and Effective Security Programs 75 Security Performance Measurement 77 Conclusions 78 References 78 Chapter 6 Reports and Tools to Improve Security and Emergency Preparedness 79 Baseline Threat Documents 79 USEPA Water Security Web Site 80 Security Product Guide 80 National Homeland Security Research Center 81 Response Protocol Toolboxes 81 Environmental Laboratory Compendium 82 ERP Guidelines 82 Security Research Plans and Homeland Security Strategy 82 Government Accountability Office (GAO) Reports 83 Environmental Technology Verification and Technology Testing and Evaluation Programs 83 Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment 84 USEPA Water Security Division 85 Water Security Initiative (WSI) 85 Hydraulic Models 86 Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT) 87 FBI InfraGard Program 88 Water Information Sharing and Analysis Center 88 Threat-Based Security Guidelines 89 Conclusions 90 References 90 iv 20605 Homeland Security.indb 4 12/10/2009 4:58:42 PM
Chapter 7 Vulnerability Assessment 91 Vulnerability Assessments (VAs) 92 Risk Assessment Methodology for Water 93 Vulnerability Self-Assessment Tool (VSAT) 95 Protection of Sensitive Information 97 Risk Analysis Management for Critical Asset Protection 98 References 98 Chapter 8 Mitigation of Risk through Physical Protection Systems 99 Physical Protection Systems (PPS) 101 External Asset Protection 112 Security Guards and Patrols 114 Conclusions 115 References 116 Chapter 9 Mitigation of Risk through Operational Measures 117 System Redundancy and Backups 117 Chemical Treatment Countermeasures 120 Backflow-Prevention Program 122 System Plans and Modeling 122 References 123 Chapter 10 Mitigation of Risk through Policies, Procedures, and Training 125 Release of Sensitive Information 125 Records Management 126 Crisis Management Human Resources Program 127 Community Awareness of Security 129 Public Access to Reservoirs 130 Controlled Access to Key Facilities 131 Security Training 132 Key Security 132 Emergency Notifications 133 Deliveries 133 Emergency Contracts 134 Mutual Aid Agreements 134 References 135 v 20605 Homeland Security.indb 5 12/10/2009 4:58:42 PM
Chapter 11 Mitigation of Risk through Cyber Measures 137 VAs for Cyber Systems 140 Recommendations for Risk Reduction 140 Roadmap tso Security Control Systems 143 Conclusions 144 References 144 Chapter 12 Contamination Warning Systems 147 Approaches for Online Monitoring 148 Conclusions Concerning Continuous Monitoring Technology 165 Placement of Sensors 165 Integrated Contaminant Warning Systems 167 Hydraulic Models 168 Automatic Sample Archiving 168 Tiered Approach to Monitoring 169 Comprehensive CWS 169 Usepa Water Security Initiative 170 Cities Developing a CWS 171 Additional Resources 171 References 172 Chapter 13 Response to Incidents and Threats 175 Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) 176 Emergency Notifications 178 Emergency Operational Response 181 Role of Utility Personnel in Responding to Emergencies 182 USEPA Response Protocol Toolboxes 183 References 187 Chapter 14 Emergency Management of Drinking Water and Wastewater Incidents 189 National Incident Management System 190 National Response Plan and National Response Framework 190 Incident Command System (ICS) 192 Emergency Operations Center 195 Departmental Operations Center 197 Conclusions 197 References 198 vi 20605 Homeland Security.indb 6 12/10/2009 4:58:42 PM
Chapter 15 Analytical Response to Water Contamination Threats 199 Field Safety Screening 200 Rapid Field Testing of Water 201 Sample Concentration in the Field 211 Sample Collection 214 Definitive Laboratory Analysis 214 California Mutual Aid Laboratory Network 216 CDC Laboratory Response Network 216 USEPA Environmental Laboratory Networks 217 Commercial Laboratories 218 Mobile Laboratories 219 Water Contaminant Information Tool 219 USEPA Laboratory Compendium 219 Standardized Analytical Methods 220 NEMI CBR 220 References 221 Chapter 16 Emergency Communications with the Public 223 Crisis Communications Overview 224 Dealing With the Media 225 Advice From Crisis Communications Specialists 228 Crisis Communication Plan 229 Message Mapping 230 Public Notification 231 National Communications System 233 Conclusions 234 References 235 Chapter 17 EMERGENCY RESPONSE TRAINING 237 Exercises 237 Pre-Exercise Training 239 Conducting the Exercise 240 Additional Training During the Exercise 242 Hot Wash 242 Guidance Materials 243 References 243 vii 20605 Homeland Security.indb 7 12/10/2009 4:58:42 PM
Chapter 18 Remediation and Recovery 245 Decontamination of Water Systems 245 Decontamination of Infrastructure 247 Decontamination Procedures 249 Remediation and Recovery Research 251 Decontamination of Wastewater Systems 252 Mutual Aid Among Utilities 254 Remediation Case Study 255 Alternate Water Supplies and Sanitary Services 256 USEPA Remediation and Recovery Guidance 257 Government Assistance 258 Business Continuity Plans (BCP) 259 References 260 Chapter 19 Pandemic Flu 261 Background 261 Effects of Pandemics on Water Utilities 265 Preparing for, Responding to, and Recovering From a Pandemic 266 Infection Control in the Workplace 268 Influenza Transmission Via Water 268 Additional Information 270 References 271 Conclusions 273 Chapter 20 List of Abbreviations/Acronyms 275 About The Author 281 Index 283 viii 20605 Homeland Security.indb 8 12/10/2009 4:58:42 PM