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Technology in Action Technology in Focus: The History of the PC 2
The first personal computer Sold as a kit Switches for input Lights for output Altair 8800 Bill Gates and Paul Allen created a compiler for BASIC 3
Apple I and Apple II Apple I built by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976, followed by Apple II in 1977 Used Motorola processor First fully contained microcomputer Highly successful 4
Early Competitors Commodore PET 2001 Radio Shack s TRS-80 The Osborne 5
IBM PC IBM entered the small-computer market in 1981 Released the IBM PC 64 KB of memory, expandable to 256 KB Started at $1,565 Sold at retail outlets such as Sears and Computerland 6
Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) Revolutionized software industry Easily learned by beginners Key PC language Used by Gates and Allen to write the program for Altair Led to the creation of Microsoft 7
Advent of Operating Systems Steve Wozniak invented the floppy drive Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating system that controlled the first Apples Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for Intel-based PCs 8
Advent of Operating Systems MS-DOS (cont.) Operating system for IBM PCs Based on an operating system called Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS) Created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen All PCs using the Intel chip used MS-DOS 9
Software Application Explosion Electronic spreadsheets VisiCalc Lotus 1-2-3 Microsoft Excel Word processing WordStar Word for MS-DOS WordPerfect VisiCalc 10
Graphical User Interface (GUI) Xerox Alto: 1972 Introduced the What You See Is What You Get principle (WYSIWYG) Apple Lisa: 1983 Macintosh: 1984 Macintosh Xerox Alto 11
The Internet Boom Mosaic: 1993 Netscape: 1994 Internet Explorer: 1995 Netscape moves to open source: 1998 12
Early Computer History Pascalene, 1642 The first accurate mechanical calculator Created by Blaise Pascal Used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide Jacquard loom, 1820 Created by Joseph Jacquard Automated the weaving of complex patterns Used holes punched in cards to automate the process 13
Early Computer History (cont.) Hollerith Tabulating Machine, 1890 Created by Herman Hollerith Analytical Engine, 1834 Used punch cards to tabulate census data Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became IBM Created by Charles Babbage, considered the father of computing The first automatic calculator Included components similar to those found in today's computers 14
Early Computer History (cont.) Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 1939 Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry The first electrically powered digital computer Used vacuum tubes to store data First computer to use the binary system Z1, 1936 Created by Konrad Zuse A mechanical calculator Included a control unit and separate memory functions Atanasoff-Berry Computer 15
Early Computer History (cont.) Harvard Mark I, 1944 Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper Used by the U.S. Navy for ballistics calculations Hopper s greatest contributions to computing were Invention of the compiler Coining the term computer bug 1st use of computer bug Turing Machine, 1936 Created by Alan Turing Hypothetical model; defined a mechanical procedure Concept of an infinite tape that could be read, written to, and erased was precursor to today s RAM 16
Early Computer History (cont.) ENIAC, 1944 Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert First successful high-speed electronic digital computer UNIVAC, 1951 First commercially successful electronic digital computer Used magnetic tape ENIAC 17
Early Computer History (cont.) Transistors, 1945 Invented at Bell Laboratories Replaced vacuum tubes Integrated circuits, 1958 Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments Small chip containing thousands of transistors Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter 18
Early Computer History (cont.) Microprocessor chip, 1971 Created by Intel Corporation Small chip containing millions of transistors Functions as the central processing unit (CPU) 19
Transistors and Beyond First-generation computers (1946 1958) ENIAC and UNIVAC Used vacuum tubes to store data Second-generation computers (1959 1964) Used transistors to store data Third-generation computers (1965 1970) Used integrated circuits Fourth-generation computers (1971 today) Use a microprocessor chip 20
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