The Compact Disc Story Kees A. Schouhamer Immink Rotterdam
Early History Making and listening to music has always been a fundamental human need. Vermeer: The Music Lesson (1662
Early recording devices Being able to record sounds was always a dream of inventors. Although musical boxes and barrel organs allowed people to hear music without anyone having to play, the sound was very limited.
From Cylinder to CD in a Century 1877 Edison cylinder 1887 Berliner disk 1910 Electronic amplification 1950 LP 1958 Stereo LP 1982 Compact Disc
Edison s Studio 1900
Discs The first phonographs had one disadvantage - the recordings could not be duplicated. In 1894, Emile Berliner modified the phonograph to use a disc rather than a cylinder.
Advantages of digital audio Alec Reeves (1936) Quality depends on conversion steps ONLY Quality independent of transmission media Compatibility with different media and traffic (video, audio, and data) Low cost New features can easily be embedded.
Sigsaly, 1943 The first digital speech transmission
History of Optical Media 1958 Videodisc, Greg 1965 Digital videodisc, Russell (Battelle) 1969 Videodisc, Compaan (Philips) 1973-1979 Development Digital Audio Disc 1979-1980 Cooperation Philips & Sony 1982 Introduction Compact Disc, Japan
Compact Disc
Optical Read-out
Early optical recording (1965)
Strategic Sony/Philips Alliance Philips Optics Mechanics Servos Sony Digital audio systems Coding
Shopping List, Dec. 1979 Philips SONY Sampling rate 44.0-45.0 44.1, 44.068 Resolution 14 bit 16 bit Playing time 60 min. 60 min. Disc diameter 11.5 cm 10 cm EC Code?? Channel code M3?
Disc Diameter (Philips)
Playing Time 1978 - Sony: 150 min. on a 30 cm disc. 1978 - Philips: 60 min. on an 11.5 cm disc. 1979 - Von Karajan suggested 74 minutes to accommodate Furtwängler's Beethoven s 9th Symphony.
Final Technical Decisions March/June 1980 Sampling rate: 44.1 khz (Sony) Resolution: 16 bits (Sony) Error Correction: CIRC (Sony) Disc diameter: 120 mm (Sony) Playing Time: 74 min. 33 sec. (Sony) Channel code: EFM (Philips)
Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon (RS) Code (CIRC) CIRC uses two short RS codes, namely (32, 28, 5) and (28, 24, 5) RS codes using an interleaver. Rate ¾. Interleaving memory: 16 kbit.
CIRC characteristics High random error correctability. Burst errors of up to 3,500 bits (2.4mm). Interpolation of error bursts of up to 12,000 bits (8.5 mm) provides concealment of missing samples. Simple decoder strategy possible with reasonably-sized RAM.
Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM) EFM is a dc-free run length limited code, where minimum and maximum run length is 3 and 11. Low frequencies are suppressed.
Pits and lands
Pits and lands
Philips First Decoding Circuitry
Philips First ECC Integrated Circuit Area of 45 mm 2 contains about 12.000 gates. Error Correction IC, n- channel MOS silicongate.
First portable CD player, Sony 1984
Impact New life for a dying music industry Big Bang digital audio and video revolution Low-cost and reliable data distribution: CD- ROM, CD-R New optical media: DVD, Blu-Ray
Recording Basics I Spot diameter: d = λ / 2NA, λ : laser wavelength, NA : Numerical aperture. Storage Capacity: Capacity ~ 1/d 2.
Recording Basics II Focus depth ~ D x NA 2 Disc tilt tolerance ~ D x NA 3. D NA For given tilt tolerance: halving the disc thickness, D, allows an NA increase of 2 1/3, and a storage capacity increase of 2 2/3 = 1.6.
From CD, DVD to Blu-Ray
The Success Story in Numbers 1982: Introduction CD Audio 1985: CD-ROM 1992: CD-R(ecordable) 1993: Video CD 1995: DVD (4.7Gbyte) 2006: BluRay Disc (25 Gbyte) 2008: 200.000.000.000 discs sold