Ubiquitous Location: challenges and opportunities of enabling all-day, everywhere location for all mobile platforms

Ubiquitous Location: challenges and opportunities of enabling all-day, everywhere location for all mobile platforms CSNC, Nanjing May 22, 2014 Greg Turetzky 1 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Abstract: Ubiqitous Location: challenges and opportunities of enabling all-day, everywhere location for all mobile platforms from cars to tablets to watches. GPS became a commercially viable location technology in the early 1980s. Over the ensuing 30 years, GPS products have evolved from a primarily military and scientific market into mainstream consumer products. It is estimated that over 1 billion GPS chips are now shipped every year. And yet, there are still new frontiers to conquer. GPS has evolved to GNSS and now the challenge is simply location, and in particular, indoor location. This talk will focus on the unique challenges of indoor location both from an application perspective and a silicon technology perspective to meet the opportunity presented by having location in every device that moves. 2 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

GNSS market history GNSS penetration worldwide increased from 5% in 2006 to 20% in 2012. Global shipments of GNSS-enabled LBS devices have grown from 150 million to 800 million in the last five years (40% CAGR). 5 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved Source: GSA GNSS Market Report

GNSS market continues to grow at a rapid pace Units (billions) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Installed base of GNSS devices by region CAGR: 9% CAGR: 22% 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 EU27 North America Rest of the World Source: GSA GNSS Market Report 6 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Major shifts in underlying platforms Time Main Volume Platform Key Use Case Featured Specification Early 2000s PND Urban Canyon Sensitivity TTFF Secondary Specification Mid 2000s Feature Phone E911 TTFF Sensitivity 2010 - today Smart Phone LBS Active Power Availability (MultiGNSS) Coming Soon Wearables Continuous Location Average Power Availability (Hybrid) 9 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Alternative Location Technology Shipments World Market, Forecast: 2010 to 2018 2,500 Celluar Bluetooth-enabled 2,000 Wi-Fi-enabled NFC-enabled (Millions) 1,500 GPS-enabled Inertial Sensors Audio Other (Nextnav, Boeing, etc.) 1,000 500 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 10 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved Source: ABI Location Technologies Market Data

Indoor Location Technology Installations, Split by Vertical Market World Market, Forecast: 2010 to 2018 Highly fragmented supplier base 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 Millions 150,000 100,000 50,000 Other Shopping Center Malls Universities/Educational Institutions Sports Venues/Stadiums Hotels/Resorts Airports Small Retail Stores Dining/Beverage Food and Grocery And a complex value chain Chipset vendors OS Providers Device OEMs Service Providers Application Developers Venue operators 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 12 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved Source: ABI Location Technologies Market Data

Opportunity summary The market opportunity for location is clearly huge and still growing It has expanded from GPS to GNSS and now to Location Indoor location is the next big opportunity Not as a standalone opportunity, but rather because it enables always located capability Always located is a requirement for devices that are always with us and always need context Phones, tablets, wearables and internet of things are good examples of known needs 13 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Specifications and KPI Remember ION-STD-101: Recommended Test Procedure for GPS Receivers (Jan 1997) Test type Setup When Published Initialized TTFF Warm Start Coarse Pos/Time No Eph Coarse Pos/Time Eph 15 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved High Medium Importance to Customer Indoor Devices Not applicable Low Reacq Static vs. Block Time High Low Static accuracy Surveyed benchmark Medium Low Dynamic Accuracy Moving vehicle Medium High RFI In band, loss of lock Low High Most of these no longer apply and new ones have arisen in their place

Requirements Summary Always located creates new requirements for devices Availability at 100% Multi-technology fusion since no single technology can achieve this in a reasonable infrastructure cost Power consumption that allows a minimum of 16 hours of usage (full day) between charges Standby power is MORE important than active power Accuracy that can vary to support multiple applications Size constraints driven by wearables 16 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Impacts of new requirements on silicon design Standby power reduction impacts SRAM is the leakiest component of typical design Needs to be reduced or ideally eliminated Non-continuous fix methods Ability to quickly save and restore state information Hybrid location solutions Support measurements from multiple radios Need to share radios, not duplicate chains Increased integration of of multiple radios on single die Need more interference rejection capability Ability to support concurrent radio operation on single die 17 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Transistor Scaling improve performance 10 10000 1 1000 Micron 0.1 0.7x every 2 years 45nm 32nm 22nm 100 nm 0.01 10 0.001 1 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 In GNSS, this means more gates and more memory for less cost. Improves TTFF and sensitivity by allowing more search capability 19 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Scaling also increases speed and reduces power 1 Relative 0.1 0.01 Switching Energy (CV 2 ) Gate Delay (CV/I) 0.001 0.0001 2.0 um 1.5 um 1.0 um.70 um.50 um.35 um.25 um.18 um.13 um 90 nm 65 nm 45 nm 32 nm 22 nm 14 nm Higher clock speed provide better search and more complex navigation algorithms Lower energy improves power consumption in full power tracking modes 20 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

But at the expense of increased leakage 1 0.1 Gate Delay (CV/I) Relative 0.01 Switching Energy (CV 2 ) I OFF Source Gate I GATE Drain 0.001 I JUNC I OFF Substrate I JUNC 0.0001 2.0 um 1.5 um 1.0 um.70 um.50 um.35 um.25 um.18 um.13 um 90 nm 65 nm 45 nm 32 nm 22 nm 14 nm I GATE This hurts standby power and the ability to save state for lower fix rates and fast restarts 21 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Transistor Performance vs. Leakage 1x 65nm 45nm 32nm 22nm Lower Transistor Leakage 0.1x 0.01x Std Perf. Low Power High Perf. 0.001x Ultra Low Power Higher Transistor Performance (Switching Speed) GNSS requirements are looking more like low power than high performance 22 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Transistor Performance vs. Leakage Lower Transistor Leakage 1x 0.1x 0.01x 0.001x 65nm 45nm 32nm 22nm Tablet Pocket Device Desktop Server Laptop Ultrabook Higher Transistor Performance (Switching Speed) Wider range of transistors to support a wider range of products 23 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Design Challenges for GNSS Take advantage of benefits of smaller geometries Higher clock speeds, more memory, lower active power, smaller size While greatly reducing standby power from leakage New methodologies at chip and system design level Integrate multiple radios on single die to reduce cost and size Without creating interference to a very sensitive GNSS radio Integrate multiple radio sources into a single location solution Bring together a disparate value chain 24 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Intel s plan Bring our advanced silicon process technology to location Provide GNSS and Location silicon with best in class performance Bring our platform level integration capability to merge multiple location technologies Intel CPU cores provide ideal platform to integrate hardware and software for GNSS, BT, WiFi and cellular Bring this capability to multiple products from tablets and phone to wearables Ubiquitous location capability will improve the experience of every mobile product 25 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved

Questions? Greg.Turetzky@intel.com PEG-Wireless Connectivity Solutions Legal Notices: Intel, the Intel logo, Ultrabook are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others 26 Copyright 2014 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved