Tetrahedron Beam Computed Tomography Based On Multi-Pixel X- Ray Source and Its Application in Image Guided Radiotherapy Tiezhi Zhang, Ph.D. Advanced X-ray imaging Lab Financial disclosure Patent royalty from AccuRay Research grants from NIH and DOD Onboard imaging modality for IGRT Convenient to use Stereoscopic realtime imaging Soft tissue contrast and accurate HU Poor image quality No 3D imaging Inconvenient and no 2D realtime imaging 1
Limitations of CBCT in IGRT Manual Auto Lack of soft tissue contrast and strong image artifact do not support deformable image registration and auto-segmentation, which are mandatory in online and offline adaptive radiotherapy. CBCT FBCT T. Zhang, et al, Automatic delineation of online head and neck computed tomography images: toward online adaptive radiotherapy, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys. 68(2) 522-530 Limitations of CBCT in image guided proton therapy (IGPT) Critical organs are often located at the distal end of proton beams. Online dose calculation is necessary during IGPT treatment. Accurate HU is very important for proton dose calculation. CBCT does not produce accurate CT number for proton dose calculation. Drawback of CBCT in real-time imaging MV x-ray beam kv x-ray beam Target FPI EPID 2
Tetrahedron Beam Computed Tomography (TBCT) Zhang, T., Schulze, D., Xu, X. & Kim, J. 2009. Tetrahedron beam computed tomography (TBCT): a new design of volumetric CT system. Phys Med Biol, 54, 3365-78. Principle of volumetric imaging by TBCT Principle of planar imaging by TBCT Simulated Radiographic Imaging k = 3 k = 2 k = 1 s d y(k) h 3
Advantages of TBCT 1. Scatter rejection 2. Compact geometry 3. Comparable to high quality discrete CT detectors and photon counting detectors 4. Lower x-ray exposure Existing problem #1: Approximate cone reconstruction artifact. FDK SART Images show 24 cone angle. XVI s maximum cone angle = 11.4 degree. Existing problem #2: motion artifact TBCT is limited by gantry rotation speed Reconstructed images show blurring due to inconsistent projection data Respiration-correlated FDK (rc-fdk) contains streak artifacts due to few projection angles. Blurred FDK Solution: 4D iterative reconstruction rc-fdk 4
4D iterative image reconstruction Richard Pham, et al, Joint Image Domain Motion-Estimation and Motion Compensation for 4D Cone Beam Image Reconstruction, Thursday 7:30-9:30 Other references: 1. Jing Wang, et al, Simultaneous motion estimation and image reconstruction (SMEIR) for 4D CBCT, Med Phys 40(10), 101912 2. GH, Chen, et al, Prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS): a method to accurately reconstruct dynamic CT images from highly undersampled projection data sets. Med Phys, 2008, 35(2): 660-3 Dual-source Dual Detector TBCT Detector arrays x2 Stereoscopic FOV Source array #1 Source array #2 Source arrays x2 Detector array #1 Stereoscopic FOV Detector array #2 Phys Med Biol. 2014 Feb 7;59(3):615-30. Dual source and dual detector arrays tetrahedron beam computed tomography for image guided radiotherapy. Kim J 1, Lu W, Zhang T. Limitation of CBCT in real-time imaging MV x-ray beam kv x-ray beam Target FPI EPID 5
Dual-source TBCT for IGRT Kim J, Lu W, Zhang T*, Dual source dual detector Tetrahedron Beam Computed Tomography for Image guided radiotherapy, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2014: 59(3):615-30 Dual-source TBCT on Linac Convenient to use Stereoscopic realtime imaging Soft tissue contrast and accurate HU Dual-source TBCT stereoscopic imaging Kim J, Lu W, Zhang T*, Dual source dual detector Tetrahedron Beam Computed Tomography for Image guided radiotherapy, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2014: 59(3):615-30 6
TBCT benchtop system with MPFEX source Multi-slot collimator MPFEX tube 5 row CT detector Rotation stage Collimator design Rotation axis Source array total ~50-75 pixels 4mm Multi-slot collimator Focus plane #1 Focus plane #2 Multi-row CT detector array ~1.5 cm Source to detector distance ~150 cm Image quality comparison Philips Fan beam CT TBCT benchtop Elekta CBCT Rooms to improve for TBCT benchtop 1. Higher tube power. 2. Small detector pixel size (current 2.54mm) 3. Small focal spot size (current 1x2 mm 2 ) 7
Continuous Thermionic cathodes Oxide cathode in small pulse ~1 s Micro-rectangular dispenser cathode Focal spot size measurement Focal spot size ~0.5-1 mm 90 kvp, ~40 ma TBCT tube power requirement TBCT Power Scanning Time of FBCT = FBCT Power Scanning Time of TBCT 0.2 FBCT ~10 second to scan 15 cm TBCT ~60 second gantry rotation Assuming the same source distance detector width and source filtration as helical CT. The tube power would be <10 kw, or anode current less than 100 ma. With noise suppression algorithms, tube power may be relaxed under 5kW. 8
Normalized Energy Deposition Thermal management for MPTEX source Focal spot (target) Anode body conductionradiation (rotating anode) Conduction (fixed anode) Tube housing Atmosphere convection Focal spot power density is the major power limiting factor Energy deposition in W target MC simulation of 100 kev electrons penetration in tungsten using Geant4 Backscattered electrons Tungsten 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 Energy deposition of electrons in tungsten 80 kev 100 kev 120 kev 100 kev e - beam 0.4 0.2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [µm] 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Depth [µm] Focal spot temperature for short pulses Maximum Temperature on Target 1 pulse Peak Temp = 2000 C 10 pulses Peak. Temp = 2152 C 9
Power [kw] Maximum Power vs Pulse Width Maximum temperature spikes is limited to 2000 C 16 14 12 19 µs 10 23 µs 8 30 µs 40 µs 6 50 µs 4 2 0 80 µs 150 µs 280 µs 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Pulse Width [µs] FEA Model Theoretical 670 µs Target temperature rise is also given by Oosterkamp et al * or ΔT = 2P A P = ΔTA 2 t πλρc πλρc t *W. J. Oosterkamp, The heat dissipation in the anode of an X-ray tube, Philiips Res., vol.3, pp. 49-59, 1985 Composite x-ray target material Summary Tetrahedron Beam CT is a new VCT geometry based on linear x-ray source array TBCT immune to the problems of CBCT. TBCT can produce diagnostic grade CT images with good soft tissue contrast for adaptive radiotherapy. TBCT can be used for online proton dose calculation. TBCT can generate fast planar images for realtime imaging. Multi-pixel x-ray source power is limited by the focal spot power density. MPTEX source is able to produce sufficient power for slow gantry TBCT, especially with noise suppression algorithms. 10
Acknowledgement Joshua Kim, Henry Ford Hospitals Xiaochao Xu, Toshiba Medical Research Institute Rock Mackie, University of Wisconsin, Madison Weiguo Lu, UT Southwestern Colleagues, students and postdocs at Wash U Research are supported by DOD LCRP #W81XWH-16-LCRP-CA, NIH 1R21CA130330-01A1, NIH contract #HHSN261201100045C THANK YOU 11