pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page viii Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM Preface xxxvii 1 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 What Is a Computer? 3 1.3 Computer Organization 4 1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems 5 1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and Client/Server Computing 6 1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 6 1.7 Structured Programming 7 1.8 Object-Oriented Programming 8 1.9 Hardware Trends 9 1.10 History of the Internet and World Wide Web 10 1.11 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 12 1.12 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 12 1.13 Open-Source Software Revolution 13 1.14 History of Python 14 1.15 Python Modules 15 1.16 General Notes about Python and This Book 15 1.17 Tour of the Book 15 1.18 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 27 2 Introduction to Python Programming 34 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 First Program in Python: Printing a Line of Text 35 2.3 Modifying our First Python Program 38
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page ix Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM IX 2.3.1 Displaying a Single Line of Text with Multiple Statements 38 2.3.2 Displaying Multiple Lines of Text with a Single Statement 39 2.4 Another Python Program: Adding Integers 40 2.5 Memory Concepts 42 2.6 Arithmetic 45 2.7 String Formatting 50 2.8 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 54 2.9 Indentation 58 2.10 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology 59 3 Control Structures 68 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Algorithms 69 3.3 Pseudocode 70 3.4 Control Structures 70 3.5 if Selection Structure 73 3.6 if/else and if/elif/else Selection Structures 74 3.7 while Repetition Structure 79 3.8 Formulating Algorithms: Case Study 1 (Counter-Controlled Repetition)81 3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 2 (Sentinel-Controlled Repetition)83 3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 3 (Nested Control Structures)88 3.11 Augmented Assignment Symbols 92 3.12 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition 93 3.13 for Repetition Structure 94 3.14 Using the for Repetition Structure 97 3.15 break and continue Statements 100 3.16 Logical Operators 102 3.17 Structured-Programming Summary 106 4 Functions 118 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Program Components in Python 119 4.3 Functions 121 4.4 Module math Functions 121 4.5 Function Definitions 123 4.6 Random-Number Generation 127 4.7 Example: A Game of Chance 129 4.8 Scope Rules 131 4.9 Keyword import and Namespaces 135 4.9.1 Importing One or More Modules 135 4.9.2 Importing Identifiers from a Module 136 4.9.3 Binding Names for Modules and Module Identifiers 138 4.10 Recursion 139
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page x Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM X 4.11 Example Using Recursion: The Fibonacci Series 141 4.12 Recursion vs. Iteration 144 4.13 Default Arguments 145 4.14 Keyword Arguments 146 5 Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries 155 5.1 Introduction 156 5.2 Sequences 156 5.3 Creating Sequences 158 5.4 Using Lists and Tuples 159 5.4.1 Using Lists 160 5.4.2 Using Tuples 163 5.4.3 Sequence Unpacking 165 5.4.4 Sequence Slicing 166 5.5 Dictionaries 169 5.6 List and Dictionary Methods 171 5.7 References and Reference Parameters 177 5.8 Passing Lists to Functions 177 5.9 Sorting and Searching Lists 179 5.10 Multiple-Subscripted Sequences 181 6 Introduction to the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) 193 6.1 Introduction 194 6.2 Client and Web Server Interaction 195 6.2.1 System Architecture 195 6.2.2 Accessing Web Servers 196 6.2.3 HTTP Transactions 197 6.3 Simple CGI Script 199 6.4 Sending Input to a CGI Script 206 6.5 Using XHTML Forms to Send Input and Using Module cgi to Retrieve Form Data 208 6.6 Using cgi.fieldstorage to Read Input 213 6.7 Other HTTP Headers 214 6.8 Example: Interactive Portal 215 6.9 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 219 7 Object-Based Programming 225 7.1 Introduction 226 7.2 Implementing a Time Abstract Data Type with a Class 227 7.3 Special Attributes 231 7.4 Controlling Access to Attributes 233 7.4.1 Get and Set Methods 233 7.4.2 Private Attributes 240 7.5 Using Default Arguments With Constructors 242 7.6 Destructors 246
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xi Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XI 7.7 Class Attributes 246 7.8 Composition: Object References as Members of Classes 248 7.9 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding 251 7.10 Software Reusability 253 8 Customizing Classes 260 8.1 Introduction 261 8.2 Customizing String Representation: Method str 262 8.3 Customizing Attribute Access 264 8.4 Operator Overloading 267 8.5 Restrictions on Operator Overloading 268 8.6 Overloading Unary Operators 270 8.7 Overloading Binary Operators 270 8.8 Overloading Built-in Functions 271 8.9 Converting Between Types 272 8.10 Case Study: A Rational Class 273 8.11 Overloading Sequence Operations 280 8.12 Case Study: A SingleList Class 281 8.13 Overloading Mapping Operations 286 8.14 Case Study: A SimpleDictionary Class 287 9 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 296 9.1 Introduction 297 9.2 Inheritance: Base Classes and Derived Classes 298 9.3 Creating Base Classes and Derived Classes 301 9.4 Overriding Base-Class Methods in a Derived Class 304 9.5 Software Engineering with Inheritance 306 9.6 Composition vs. Inheritance 307 9.7 Uses A and Knows A Relationships 307 9.8 Case Study: Point, Circle, Cylinder 308 9.9 Abstract Base Classes and Concrete Classes 312 9.10 Case Study: Inheriting Interface and Implementation 313 9.11 Polymorphism 317 9.12 Classes and Python 2.2 319 9.12.1 Static Methods 319 9.12.2 Inheriting from Built-in Types 322 9.12.3 getattribute Method 327 9.12.4 slots Class Attribute 330 9.12.5 Properties 333 10 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 1 342 10.1 Introduction 343 10.2 Tkinter Overview 345 10.3 Simple Tkinter Example: Label Component 346 10.4 Event Handling Model 349 10.5 Entry Component 350
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xii Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XII 10.6 Button Component 354 10.7 Checkbutton and Radiobutton Components 356 10.8 Mouse Event Handling 361 10.9 Keyboard Event Handling 366 10.10 Layout Managers 368 10.10.1 Pack 369 10.10.2 Grid 372 10.10.3 Place 375 10.11 Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 376 10.12 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 379 11 Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2 388 11.1 Introduction 389 11.2 Overview of Pmw 389 11.3 ScrolledListbox Component 390 11.4 ScrolledText Component 392 11.5 MenuBar Component 395 11.6 Popup Menus 399 11.7 Canvas Component 401 11.8 Scale Component 403 11.9 Other GUI Toolkits 405 12 Exception Handling 411 12.1 Introduction 412 12.2 Raising an Exception 412 12.3 Exception-Handling Overview 413 12.4 Example: DivideByZeroError 416 12.5 Python Exception Hierarchy 419 12.6 finally Clause 422 12.7 Exception Objects and Tracebacks 425 12.8 Programmer-Defined Exception Classes 429 13 String Manipulation and Regular Expressions 436 13.1 Introduction 437 13.2 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings 437 13.3 String Presentation 441 13.4 Searching Strings 442 13.5 Joining and Splitting Strings 444 13.6 Regular Expressions 445 13.7 Compiling Regular Expressions and Manipulating Regular-Expression Objects 447 13.8 Regular-Expression Repetition and Placement Characters 448 13.9 Classes and Special Sequences 450 13.10 Regular Expression String-Manipulation Functions 453 13.11 Grouping 454 13.12 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 456
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xiii Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XIII 14 File Processing and Serialization 462 14.1 Introduction 463 14.2 Data Hierarchy 463 14.3 Files and Streams 465 14.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File 466 14.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File 470 14.6 Updating Sequential-Access Files 475 14.7 Random-Access Files 475 14.8 Simulating a Random-Access File: The shelve Module 476 14.9 Writing Data to a shelve File 476 14.10 Retrieving Data from a shelve File 478 14.11 Example: A Transaction-Processing Program 479 14.12 Object Serialization 484 15 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 491 15.1 Introduction 492 15.2 XML Documents 492 15.3 XML Namespaces 497 15.4 Document Object Model (DOM) 500 15.5 Simple API for XML (SAX) 500 15.6 Document Type Definitions (DTDs), Schemas and Validation 501 15.6.1 Document Type Definition Documents 502 15.6.2 W3C XML Schema Documents 506 15.7 XML Vocabularies 509 15.7.1 MathML 510 15.7.2 Chemical Markup Language (CML) 514 15.7.3 Other XML Vocabularies 516 15.8 Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) 516 15.9 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 522 16 Python XML Processing 529 16.1 Introduction 530 16.2 Generating XML Content Dynamically 530 16.3 XML Processing Packages 533 16.4 Document Object Model (DOM) 534 16.5 Parsing XML with xml.sax 543 16.6 Case Study: Message Forums with Python and XML 546 16.6.1 Displaying the Forums 548 16.6.2 Adding Forums and Messages 551 16.6.3 Alterations for Browsers without XML and XSLT Support 559 16.7 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 564 17 Database Application Programming Interface (DB-API) 569 17.1 Introduction 570
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xiv Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XIV 17.2 Relational Database Model 571 17.3 Relational Database Overview: Books Database 572 17.4 Structured Query Language (SQL) 579 17.4.1 Basic SELECT Query 580 17.4.2 WHERE Clause 581 17.4.3 ORDER BY Clause 583 17.4.4 Merging Data from Multiple Tables: INNER JOIN 587 17.4.5 Joining Data from Tables Authors, AuthorISBN, Titles and Publishers589 17.4.6 INSERT Statement 591 17.4.7 UPDATE Statement 592 17.4.8 DELETE Statement 593 17.5 Python DB-API Specification 594 17.6 Database Query Example 595 17.7 Querying the Books Database 598 17.8 Reading, Inserting and Updating a Database 602 17.9 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 607 18 Process Management 613 18.1 Introduction 614 18.2 os.fork Function 615 18.3 os.system Function and os.exec Family of Functions 623 18.4 Controlling Process Input and Output 628 18.5 Interprocess Communication 631 18.6 Signal Handling 635 18.7 Sending Signals 637 19 Multithreading 645 19.1 Introduction 646 19.2 Thread States: Life Cycle of a Thread 647 19.3 threading.thread Example 650 19.4 Thread Synchronization 651 19.5 Producer/Consumer Relationship without Thread Synchronization 653 19.6 Producer/Consumer Relationship with Thread Synchronization 659 19.7 Producer/Consumer Relationship: Module Queue 665 19.8 Producer/Consumer Relationship: The Circular Buffer 669 19.9 Semaphores 676 19.10 Events 678 20 Networking 688 20.1 Introduction 689 20.2 Accessing URLs over HTTP 690 20.3 Establishing a Simple Server (Using Stream Sockets) 692 20.4 Establishing a Simple Client (Using Stream Sockets) 694 20.5 Client/Server Interaction with Stream Socket Connections 694 20.6 Connectionless Client/Server Interaction with Datagrams 699
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xv Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XV 20.7 Client/Server Tic-Tac-Toe Using a Multithreaded Server 701 21 Security 716 21.1 Introduction 717 21.2 Ancient Ciphers to Modern Cryptosystems 718 21.3 Secret-Key Cryptography 722 21.4 Public-Key Cryptography 724 21.5 Cryptanalysis 727 21.6 Key-Agreement Protocols 727 21.7 Key Management 727 21.8 Digital Signatures 728 21.9 Public-Key Infrastructure, Certificates and Certificate Authorities 730 21.9.1 Smart Cards 733 21.10 Security Protocols 734 21.10.1 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) 734 21.10.2 IPSec and Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 735 21.11 Authentication 736 21.11.1 Kerberos 737 21.11.2 Biometrics 737 21.11.3 Single Sign-On 738 21.11.4 Microsoft Passport 739 21.12 Security Attacks 739 21.12.1 Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks 740 21.12.2 Viruses and Worms 741 21.12.3 Software Exploitation, Web Defacing and Cybercrime 743 21.13 Running Restricted Python Code 744 21.13.1 Module rexec 745 21.13.2 Module Bastion 745 21.13.3 Restricted Web Browser 745 21.14 Network Security 749 21.14.1 Firewalls 749 21.14.2 Intrusion-Detection Systems 750 21.15 Steganography 752 21.16 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 754 22 Data Structures 768 22.1 Introduction 769 22.2 Self-Referential Classes 769 22.3 Linked Lists 770 22.4 Stacks 780 22.5 Queues 782 22.6 Trees 784 23 Case Study: Online Bookstore 797 23.1 Introduction 798 23.2 HTTP Sessions and Session-Tracking Technologies 798
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xvi Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XVI 23.3 Tracking Sessions in the Bookstore 800 23.4 Bookstore Architecture 805 23.5 Configuring the Bookstore 807 23.6 Entering the Bookstore 809 23.7 Obtaining the Book List from the Database 810 23.8 Viewing a Book s Details 817 23.9 Adding an Item to the Shopping Cart 821 23.10 Viewing the Shopping Cart 823 23.11 Checking Out 828 23.12 Processing the Order 831 23.13 Error Handling 833 23.14 Handling Wireless Clients (XHTML Basic and WML) 835 23.14.1 Introduction to XHTML Basic 836 23.14.2 Introduction to WML 847 23.15 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 860 24 Multimedia 867 24.1 Introduction 868 24.2 Introduction to PyOpenGL 868 24.3 PyOpenGL Examples 869 24.4 Introduction to Alice 876 24.5 Fox, Chicken and Seed Problem 877 24.6 Introduction to pygame 883 24.7 Python CD Player 883 24.8 Python Movie Player 890 24.9 Pygame Space Cruiser 893 24.10 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 909 25 Python Server Pages (PSP) 917 25.1 Introduction 918 25.2 Python Servlets 919 25.3 Python Server Pages Overview 920 25.4 First Python Server Page Example 921 25.5 Implicit Objects 924 25.6 Scripting 924 25.6.1 Scripting Components 925 25.6.2 Scripting Example 925 25.7 Standard Actions 928 25.7.1 <psp:include> Action 929 25.7.2 <psp:insert> Action 933 25.7.3 <psp:method> Action 936 25.8 Directives 940 25.8.1 page Directive 940 25.8.2 include Directive 944 25.9 Case Study: Message Forums with Python and XML 947 25.9.1 Displaying the Forums 949
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xvii Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XVII 25.9.2 Adding Forums and Messages 952 25.9.3 Alterations for Browsers Without XML and XSLT Support 961 25.10 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 966 A Operator Precedence Chart 971 B ASCII Character Set 973 C Number Systems 974 C.1 Introduction 975 C.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers 978 C.3 Converting Octal Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 980 C.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 980 C.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 981 C.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two s Complement Notation 982 D Python Development Environments 988 D.1 Introduction 989 D.2 Integrated Development Environment: IDLE 989 D.2.1 Installing and Launching IDLE 990 D.2.2 Features 991 D.2.3 Text Editor 992 D.2.4 Debugger 994 D.3 Other Integrated Development Environments 995 D.3.1 BlackAdder 995 D.3.2 PythonWorks 996 D.3.3 Wing IDE 996 D.3.4 Pythonwin 997 D.3.5 Komodo 997 D.4 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 997 E Career Opportunities 998 E.1 Introduction 999 E.2 Resources for the Job Seeker 1000 E.3 Online Opportunities for Employers 1001 E.3.1 Posting Jobs Online 1003 E.3.2 Problems with Recruiting on the Web 1005 E.3.3 Diversity in the Workplace 1005 E.4 Recruiting Services 1006 E.5 Career Sites 1007 E.5.1 Comprehensive Career Sites 1007 E.5.2 Technical Positions 1008 E.5.3 Wireless Positions 1008 E.5.4 Contracting Online 1009 E.5.5 Executive Positions 1010
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xviii Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XVIII E.5.6 Students and Young Professionals 1011 E.5.7 Other Online Career Services 1011 E.6 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1012 F Unicode 1020 F.1 Introduction 1021 F.2 Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) 1022 F.3 Characters and Glyphs 1023 F.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Unicode 1024 F.5 Unicode Consortium s Web Site 1024 F.6 Using Unicode 1025 F.7 Character Ranges 1027 G Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 1 1032 G.1 Introduction 1033 G.2 Markup Languages 1033 G.3 Editing HTML 1034 G.4 Common Elements 1034 G.5 Headers 1037 G.6 Linking 1038 G.7 Images 1040 G.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks 1044 G.9 Unordered Lists 1046 G.10 Nested and Ordered Lists 1047 G.11 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1050 H Introduction to HyperText Markup Language 4: Part 2 1055 H.1 Introduction 1056 H.2 Basic HTML Tables 1056 H.3 Intermediate HTML Tables and Formatting 1058 H.4 Basic HTML Forms 1061 H.5 More Complex HTML Forms 1064 H.6 Internal Linking 1071 H.7 Creating and Using Image Maps 1074 H.8 meta Elements 1076 H.9 frameset Element 1078 H.10 Nested framesets 1080 H.11 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1082 I Introduction to XHTML: Part 1 1088 I.1 Introduction 1089 I.2 Editing XHTML 1089 I.3 First XHTML Example 1090
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xix Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XIX I.4 W3C XHTML Validation Service 1093 I.5 Headers 1095 I.6 Linking 1097 I.7 Images 1099 I.8 Special Characters and More Line Breaks 1103 I.9 Unordered Lists 1105 I.10 Nested and Ordered Lists 1106 I.11 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1109 J Introduction to XHTML: Part 2 1114 J.1 Introduction 1115 J.2 Basic XHTML Tables 1115 J.3 Intermediate XHTML Tables and Formatting 1118 J.4 Basic XHTML Forms 1120 J.5 More Complex XHTML Forms 1123 J.6 Internal Linking 1130 J.7 Creating and Using Image Maps 1133 J.8 meta Elements 1135 J.9 frameset Element 1137 J.10 Nested framesets 1140 J.11 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1142 K Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 1148 K.1 Introduction 1149 K.2 Inline Styles 1149 K.3 Embedded Style Sheets 1150 K.4 Conflicting Styles 1153 K.5 Linking External Style Sheets 1156 K.6 W3C CSS Validation Service 1159 K.7 Positioning Elements 1160 K.8 Backgrounds 1163 K.9 Element Dimensions 1165 K.10 Text Flow and the Box Model 1167 K.11 User Style Sheets 1172 K.12 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1176 L Accessibility 1181 L.1 Introduction 1182 L.2 Web Accessibility 1182 L.3 Web Accessibility Initiative 1183 L.4 Providing Alternatives for Images 1185 L.5 Maximizing Readability by Focusing on Structure 1186 L.6 Accessibility in XHTML Tables 1186 L.7 Accessibility in XHTML Frames 1190 L.8 Accessibility in XML 1191 L.9 Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with VoiceXML 1191
pythonhtp1_01toc.fm Page xx Monday, January 14, 2002 12:20 PM XX L.10 CallXML 1198 L.11 JAWS for Windows 1204 L.12 Other Accessibility Tools 1205 L.13 Accessibility in Microsoft Windows 2000 1206 L.13.1 Tools for People with Visual Impairments 1208 L.13.2 Tools for People with Hearing Impairments 1210 L.13.3 Tools for Users Who Have Difficulty Using the Keyboard 1210 L.13.4 Microsoft Narrator 1216 L.13.5 Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard 1217 L.13.6 Accessibility Features in Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.5 1218 L.14 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1220 M HTML/XHTML Special Characters 1227 N HTML/XHTML Colors 1228 O Additional Python 2.2 Features 1231 O.1 Introduction 1232 O.2 Iterators 1232 O.3 Generators 1242 O.4 Nested Scopes 1247 O.5 Internet and World Wide Web Resources 1249 1251 Bibliography 1251 Index 1253