Developing Web Applications

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1 Developing Web Applications Ralph Moseley Middlesex University IIICENTCNNIAL 1807 ewiley ICCNTENNIAL John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

2 Preface Introduction Features Additional Materials Trademarks Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1: THE WAY THE WEB WORKS A basic introduction to how the WTV1T'!rode within the context of the Internet with supportin,gprotocols and applications. 1.1 History The WWW The Internet and the WWW Protocols and Programs Files Problems with FTP Instant.Messaging Remote Machine Access Web Pages Seeure Connections Applications and Development Tools The Web Browser Choices Chapter Summary 19

3 vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 2: THE CLIENT SIDE: HTML 23 This chapter starts to look at the dient side and static Web page development using HTML. You will learn how to develop simple Web pages and formatting, together with tables, images and frames. 2.1 Introduction The Development Process Requirements Design Write Code Test Upload Re-Iterate Basic HTML Loading Pages with the Browser A Page an the Web HTML Document Structure Formatting and Fonts Using Types of Emphasis Pre-Formatted Text Font Sizes Commenting Code Color Hyperlinks Lists Unordered Lists Ordered Lists Nested Lists Definition Lists Tables Table Structure Table Headers 38

4 CONTENTS vii Irregular Tables Tables and Page Layout Images Positioning and Placing Images Resizing an Image Background Images Simple HTML Forms Making a Form Types of Input Text Areas Drop Down Menus Web Site Structure Chapter Summary 48 CHAPTER 3: FROM HTML TO XHTML 51 Here we continue the exploration of HTML into XHTML. You will learn about the various standards that have been developed for HTML. More advanced HTML will also be studied, and the ability to control search engines, cache refresh and meta itformation. 3.1 More History, More Standards Changes XML The Move to XHTML Document Structure Some Other Differences Meta Tags Memory Cache Formatting with scheme Character Entities Frames and Framesets Rows Alternative Content 66

5 viii CONTENTS Columns Frames Using Columns and Rows Nesting Frames Inline Frames What Is Inside a Browser? Chapter Summary 73 CHAPTER 4: GETTING SOME STYLE: CSS 75 In this chapter you will learn how to present and control the format of Web pages using CSS. This includes the ability to precisely control the positioning and attributes of content while maintaining the structure of the document itself. 4.1 The Need for CSS Introduction to CSS Basic Syntax and Structure Rules Classes ID Pseudo-Class Selectors Using CSS External Style Sheets Embedded Style Sheets Background Images, Colors and Properties Background Color Background Images Manipulating Text Text Decoration Text Indentation Text Case Using Fonts Borders and Boxes Margins 93

6 CONTENTS ix 4.10 Padding Lists Positioning Using CSS Absolutely! It's All Relative The Z-Index Shaping an Element Floating Elements Layout and Structure CSS Chapter Summary 103 CHAPTER 5: JAVASCRIPT: INTRODUCTION TO CLIENT SIDE SCRIPTING 107 This chapter will prepare you for developing with this popular scripting language, showing you the Syntax and possibilities of use. The aims here are to show you how it is placed within a page, variables, strings, arrays and loops. Program flow is also discussed and how conditional operators and commands are used. 5.1 What Is JavaScript? How to Develop JavaScript Simple JavaScript Embedded External Scripts Variables Scope Assignments Strings Arrays Functions Conditions Switch Conditional Operator 120

7 x CONTENTS 5.7 Loops and Repetition Chapter Summary 122 CHAPTER 6: JAVASCRIPT: DEVELOPING MORE ADVANCED SCRIPTS 125 In this chapter you will learn about using objects in JavaScript, both die built-in types and creating your own. You will also learn about the Document Object Model (DOM), which allows HTML documents to be manipulated and accessed. Forms and ways of validating information submitted are explored here too. 6.1 JavaScript and Objects What Is an Object? JavaScript's Own Objects User Defined Objects Adding a Constructor Methods The DOM and the Web Browser Environment The document Object Forms and Validation Using Regular Expressions for Validation Chapter Summary 144 CHAPTER 7: DHTML 147 The aim of this chapter is to bring dynamic aspects of site design together. You will learn about animation, caching, event driven scripting and browser compatibility. It's in this chapter you will also find out more about compatibility and the need to provide alternatives for different browsers. 7.1 Combining HTML, CSS and JavaScript Animation The Image Object Events and Buttons The Window The Mouse 157

8 CONTENTS xi The Keyboard Using Events Controlling Your Browser Chapter Summary 165 CHAPTER 8: XML: EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE 167 In this chapter you will learn about the basics of MdL and how it can be used to score information away from the mechanism of processing or formatting of such data. You will learn how to build simple XML flies, and be able to manipulate and refer to them. 8.1 Introduction to XML The Many Uses of XML Simple XML XML Key Components Elements Attributes Other Essentials Namespaces Document Type Definitions and Schemas DTDs Schemas Elements Attributes Well Formed? Using XML with Applications Chapter Summary 180 CHAPTER 9: XML, XSL AND XSLT: TRANSFORMING XML 183 The aim of this chapter is to learn about and explore the possibilities of using XIVIL as the starting point for data to be traneformed into other target formats using XSLT. Style sheets are used and linked to documents. It is shown here that it is possible to process XiVIL with a browser or a programing language an the client side.

9 xii CONTENTS 9.1 Introducing XSL XML Transformed A Simple Example The XML The Style Sheet Linking XSL Elements val ue-of for-each sort i f Choices Applying Templates Transforming with XSLT Using javascript Chapter Summary 195 CHAPTER 10: WEB SERVICES, FEEDS AND BLOGS 197 Here you will learn about three important areas of Web activity: how it is possible to create language- and platform-independent services that utilize common Web protocols and MdL; how information can be disseminated automatically to interested people; and finally, the phenomenon of the blog! 10.1 The Need for Web Services SOAP SOAP, XML and HTTP Web Feeds Keading a Web Feed Making Your Own RSS Feeds Blogs Chapter Summary 210

10 CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER 11: THE SERVER SIDE 213 This chapter aims to give you your first contact with the server side and introduces you to the server; the various possible packages and pl4orms; how to set up and the options involved; testing your server; logging users and dealing with dynamic IPs What Is a Server? Choices Apache HTTPd Server Internet Information Services PHP, Perl, Python MySQL Setting Up XAMPP Where Is the Server? Tesdng External Access to the Web Server Unix and Linux Web Servers Which OS? Logging Users Dynamic IPs Chapter Summary 227 CHAPTER 12: PHP 1: STARTING TO SCRIPT ON THE SERVER SIDE 231 This chapter gives a basic introduction to PHP and dynamic programing an the server side. You will learn how to develop simple PHP, how to structure your programs and embed script within HTML Starting to Script with PHP Good Programing Practices Apply Here! Variables Errors in PHP Getting Some Input Decisions 240

11 xiv CONTENTS 12.5 Looping The for Loop The while Loop Using break and conti nue 12.6 Chapter Summary CHAPTER 13: PHP 2: ARRAYS, FUNCTIONS AND FORMS Here, you learn how to further manipulate data within PHP and in the process get to grips with new functions, loop structures and the verification of data input through forms. Simple arrays to dynamic structures are discussed, along with the ability to manipulate strings through special functions. Attention is particularly given to how to enlist specific features of PHP when processing data and how these can be used to add security Arrays Arrays and Loops Keys and Values Forms and Associative Arrays 13.2 Functions 13.3 Browser Control 13.4 Browser Detection 13.5 String Manipulation with PHP 13.6 Files 13.7 Passwords Uploading Chapter Summary CHAPTER 14: MORE ADVANCED PHP The aim hexe is to provide a glimpse of the further possibilities within PHP, including cookies, sessions, objects and more advanced file handling Further File Handling Building a Visitor Log

12 CONTENTS xv 14.2 Cookies Sessions Mobile Technologies Browser Check WAP and WML PHP, WAP and WML Other Advanced PHP Features Object-Oriented Programing What Is an Object? Inheritance Chapter Summary 294 CHAPTER 15: NETWORK AND WEB SECURITY 297 The aim of this chapter is to make you aware of threats to online security that you and your users must guard against. The most common forms of attack are studied, such as viruses and worms, cross site scripting, problems, Trojan horses, phishing and many other mechanisms. Possible solutions are also looked into, including firewalls and anti-virus software Introduction How Hacking Began Who Is Hacking Now? Motivation Typ es of Attack and Intrusion Denial of Service (DoS) Cross Site Scripting (XSS) Spam Bomb Spoofing Phishing CGI Insecurities Session Hijacking Key Logging 303

13 xvi CONTENTS Identity Theft and Stalking Trojan Horse Social Engineering Spyware/Malware/Adware and Popups Viruses and Worms Firewalls Passwords Password Policy Defense! Chapter Summary 312 CHAPTER 16: DATABASES 315 The aim of this chapter is to help you understand databases so that they can easily be utilized in your Web applications and sites. The basic idea of the database is explored, together with how well it can be linked in with server side scripting. All the basic functions are studied, together with how these can be communicated directly to the database server Introduction Relational Databases Design and Modeling What is Norrnalization? SQL MySQL Starting, Stopping and Checking MySQL Server The MySQL Monitor Basic Commands with PHP Examples Connection to the Server Creating a Database Selecting a Database Listing Databases Listing Table Names Creating a Database Table 327

14 CONTENTS xvii Inserting Data Altering Tables Queries Deleting Databases Deleting Data and Tables phpmyadmin Database Bugs Examples Chapter Summary 337 CHAPTER 17: ALTERNATIVE SCRIPTING LANGUAGES 339 The aim of this chapter is to have a Look at the various technologies available for developing Web applications. This can be useful to familiarize you with legacy code that may be met while maintaining older applications and Web sites Legacy Code and Application Development Choices CGI Perl ASP Java JSP The.NET Framework C# Mono IKVM Chapter Summary 356 CHAPTER 18: FUTURE: GAINING A PERSPECTIVE 357 This chapter's main focus is to acquaint the reader with the leading edge of Internet and Web technology, to give some idea of the currently active research areas and inspire interest for future study Introduction 358

15 xviii CONTENTS 18.2 Looking Back: Timeline Looking Forward: Themes for the Future Speed Universal Access Autonomic and Adaptable Systems Unwired Computers in Disguise? Biological and Medical Convergence Multimedia Military Chapter Summary 366 Glossary 369 Sources 379 Index 381

Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institue of Technology

Shankersinh Vaghela Bapu Institue of Technology Branch: - 6th Sem IT Year/Sem : - 3rd /2014 Subject & Subject Code : Faculty Name : - Nitin Padariya Pre Upload Date: 31/12/2013 Submission Date: 9/1/2014 [1] Explain the need of web server and web browser