I - Configuring High-Voltage Measurements and Measuring the Commercial PZT Piezoelectric Disk Sample.

Radiant Technologies, Inc. 2835C Pan American Freeway NE Albuquerque, NM 87107 Tel: 505-842-8007 Fax: 505-842-0366 e-mail: radiant@ferrodevices.com Monday, October 29, 2018 From: Scott P. Chapman Radiant Technologies, Inc. To: Azhar SZ Traders Subj: General High Voltage and Commercial PZT Piezo Disk Measurement. Dear Azhar: I am providing this letter to meet your requests, as I understand them, as fully as possible. This letter is divided into three main sections. In the first section I will present detail instructions for connecting the equipment and contacting the sample. The second section discusses configuration of the measurement in the Vision program and making the measurements. This letter is accompanied by a Vision DataSet that contains the data that I have measured. This can be registered into Vision as a permanent record of data taken on a commercial PZT piezo disk sample that is identical to the one that you are measuring. These data provide the images for Section II. In section III I will show you how to register and review the data in the attached DataSet. Note that this letter seems to be very long, but there are a lot of figures. I - Configuring High-Voltage Measurements and Measuring the Commercial PZT Piezoelectric Disk Sample. Note that most of the images in this section of the letter are taken from a document named NGS Shipment Cover Letter 2 - LC and PPII Hardware Discussion. This is installed into C:\DataSets\Documents by the Vision installer as I discuss in the tester distribution cover letter. I do not have time to update these images before sending you this letter. Some parts of the images may no longer be valid. I will indicate these appear. These two links open YouTube videos related to high-voltage configuration and measurement: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exlxnqxinuo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cysri8v7hmu The videos are also old, but should still be useful. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 1

The Precision Tester front panel is not shown. This contains only a POWER switch, a red power LED, a green ACTIVE LED and a DRIVE and RETURN BNC port. It may also have a green SYNC LED. Connections are made to the front panel only for low-voltage measurements. The DRIVE signal carries the voltage to one sample electrode. The RETURN port captures the sample charge (µc) response from the other electrode. If there is a green SYNC LED, then it illuminates, during a measurement, for the period that the RETURN signal is actually being measured. Figure 1 shows the tester rear panel. All High-Voltage connections are made at the rear panel. Figure 1 represents all current testers models. It does not contain any obsolete parts. However it is missing a critical connector. This is the I2C connector that is to the left of the USB connector. I have added Word objects to represent the port. Furthermore the labels are general and do not refer specifically to high-voltage connections. The I2C cable is a digital logic link between the tester and the High-Voltage Interface (HVI). It is connected to the HVI System Comm Port. This is shown in Figures 3 and 4. The remaining detail of the connection is found in the NGS Shipment Cover Letter 2 - LC and PPII Hardware Discussion document. It is also shown in Figures 3 and 4. To/From Accessory HVI or MUX To Host Computer USB Port To/From HVI System Comm. I2C USB Case Ground SENSOR 1 SENSOR 2 DRIVE RETURN H.V. MON SYNC EXT. FAT. POWER From External Voltage Source (Displacement Meter) To Sample Electrode or HVI Sync Signal From External Waveform Generator From HVI Figure 1 Precision Tester Rear Panel. Figure 2 shows the High-Voltage Interface (HVI) front panel. High-voltage connections are made between the HVI and the sample High-Voltage Test Fixture (HVTF). The HV DRIVE port provides up to ±10,000.0 Volt to the bottom connector of the HVTF. The RETURN port receives the sample charge (µc) response from the HVTF top connector. These connections are shown in Figure 8. Figure 2 is up-to-date. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 2

Figure 2 High-Voltage Interface (HVI) Front Panel. Figure 3 is the HVI rear panel. It shows connections between the HVI and the tester and between the HVI and the High-Voltage Amplifier (HVA). The connectors and their labels are accurate. However, this is a two-channel HVI. It allows connection to two amplifiers that can be switched in software. We no longer offer a two-channel HVI. The figure indicates the connections that are irrelevant in your configuration. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 3

This Control is No Longer Used These do not Concern this Installation The Trek 609B is a 10000-Volt Amplifier with a 1000x Gain Figure 3 HVI Rear Panel. This is a Two-Channel HVI. No separate figure is provided for the Trek 609B. Figure 4 shows the appropriate connections. The photo in Figure 4 has arrows superimposed that show the connections and direction of the signals. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 4

To/From Vision Host Computer Figure 4 Complete Rear-Panel High-Voltage Connections. Figure 5 shows the commercial PZT piezoelectric disk sample inserted into the center of the open HVTF. The disk must be in the center of the holder so that the bottom electrode of the sample contacts the gold-colored electrode in the HVTF. The sample is a 1.16 cm 2 PZT with electrodes applied to 1000 µm thick disk of PZT. The customers samples must be in a form that will fit into the sample holder and must have top and bottom electrodes with the experimental ceramic material between them. The sample holder is opened by separating the top and bottom halves. The bottom half is a reservoir that can be filled with mineral oil or other fine oil to prevent arcing through air around the sample. The HVTF can safely isolate 10,000 Volts applied to the sample from the environment outside the HVTF. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 5

Figure 5 Commercial PZT Piezoelectric Sample In the HVTF. Figures 6 and 7 just show the top and bottom halves of the HVTF. This is actually a photo of an HVDM (High-Voltage Displacement Fixture). The HVDM is identical to the HVTF except that it includes hardware to allow a displacement detector to be inserted into the fixture to measure piezoelectric effects. Figure 6 HVTF (HVDM) Top Half. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 6

Figure 7 HVTF (HVDM) Bottom Half. Figure 8 shows the assembled HVTF connected to the HVI front panel. Note that the DRIVE signal is connected to the lower half of the HVTF. This is more critical for HVDM measurements, but is also recommended for the HVTF. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 7

Figure 8 HVTF is Connected to the HVI Front Panel. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 8

II Making the High-Voltage Measurement of the Commercial PZT Piezoelectric Disk. The data that you sent shows that you have successfully installed the tester and Vision software and have made some basic measurements. This section will discuss making high-voltage measurements on the PZT piezoelectric disk. Many of the images here are from the DataSet file (*.dst) that I have attached with this cover letter. Section III discusses registering this file with Vision and reviewing the contents. Before running Vision make all of the connections of Section I and make sure that the tester, HVI and HVA are all powered up. Then run Vision and allow it to detect and calibrate the tester. It is important that the HVI is turned on so that Vision can detect it as well. In the TASK LIBRARY, open Hardware->Measurement->Hysteresis. Select the Hysteresis Task, right-click and select To Editor. Right-Click, then Select To Editor Figure 9 Initiate the Hysteresis Task. The Hysteresis Task configuration dialog will open. The first thing to do is to click the Set Amplifier button. This opens a subdialog that allows the Task to be programmed to make a highvoltage measurement. In the subdialog check External High Voltage. Leave HVI Channel set to 1. Click OK to close the dialog and register the change. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 9

Click Do Not Change Check Figure 10 Enable High Voltage. In the main configuration dialog, the Amplifier control will change from Internal, as in Figure 10, to High Voltage. There are a lot of controls on the Hysteresis Dialog. These are the ones that are important: Hysteresis Task Name: (60 Characters Maximum) This is a permanent name for the measurement. The Task and its data will be permanently stored under this name. It is very important to assign a unique and meaningful name. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 10

Max Voltage: (±10,000.0 Volts Maximum) The maximum voltage to apply during the measurement. Do not apply more than 1000.0 Volts. In this section I am starting at 800.0 Volts. Period (ms): (1000.0 ms Minimum recommended. 30,000.0 ms Maximum. 10,000.0 ms Maximum recommended) This is the time over which the voltage waveform will be applied. For this sample I recommend no less that 1000.0 ms and no more than 10,000.0 ms. A 10,000.0 ms measurement will take several minutes to complete. All measurements take longer to complete than the programmed period. For this first demonstration I did 1000.0 ms. Sample Area (cm2): 1.266 cm 2 for the commercial PZT piezoelectric sample. Sample Thickness (µm): 1000.0 µm for this sample. Comments: Comments are not strictly necessary, but allow for detailed discussion and provide permanent documentation of the Task. Comments are highly recommended. Figure 11 Configure the Hysteresis Task. Click OK to close the dialog. The Task will be added to the Editor window. The Editor contains a Test Definition. A Test Definition is a term that means Experiment in Vision. It is a series of Tasks that form the experiment. In this case the Hysteresis Task is the single Task in the Test Definition. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 11

The Hysteresis Task forms the Editor Test Definition Figure 12 Hysteresis Task in the Editor Test Definition. In order to run the Hysteresis Task, it must be moved into a Vision object known as a DataSet. A DataSet is an object that contains a Test Definition that is ready to execute (Current Test Definition [CTD]) and an Archive that collects all the Test Definitions that have been previously executed in the DataSet (Executed Test Definitions [ETDs]). To create a DataSet click the New DataSet button on the toolbar. The New DataSet dialog opens. You must provide a DataSet Name, A DataSet Path (file path and file name) and Experimenter Initials. The dialog automatically assigns the DataSet Name to the DataSet file name. Illegal file characters are replaced with.. By default, the DataSet file (*.dst) will be written to C:\DataSets. But it can be placed anywhere in the Vision host file system. Figure 13 Create a New DataSet. Click OK in the DataSet Creation dialog. The dialog will close and the DataSet will be created and opened in the DataSet Explorer window. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 12

Current Test Definition with Dummy Task DataSet Log Window DataSet Archive (Empty for Now) DataSet Tab in the DataSet Explorer Figure 14 New DataSet in the DataSet Explorer Window. The next step is to move the Test Definition from the Editor into the DataSet CTD for execution. Right-click in the Editor and select Test Definition to Current DataSet. The DataSet will update and a DataSet Naming dialog will open. Once again it is crucial to provide a unique and meaningful name. Close the dialog and the DataSet is updated. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 13

Right-Click, then Select To Editor Unique and Meaningful Figure 15 Editor Test Definition To DataSet CTD. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 14

Now it s time to make the measurement. The simplest way is just to press <F1>. Figure 16 shows the menu access DataSet->Execute Current Test Definition (CTD). <F1> or Figure 16 Initiate the Measurement. The measurement begins,. The measurement is indicated by the button Stop Hysteresis Measurement?. The Vision status bar also indicates that the measurement is being made. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 15

Figure 17 Hysteresis Measurement is Running. When the measurement is finished the Stop button will close and the status bar will show Ready. No data will appear, but the DataSet Archive will be updated. Open the DataSet Archive. The Executed Test Definition (ETD) will appear under the Archive. (In the figure the first ETD was made with an error in configuration.) Open the ETD, open the Experiment Data folder and double-click on the Hysteresis Task. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 16

Open Mistake ETD Double-Click Figure 18 Access the Hysteresis Task in the DataSet Archive. First the configuration dialog will reopen. Most controls are disabled. The dialog is presented for the purpose of review of test conditions. Click Cancel/Plot to continue. Figure 19 Configuration Dialog for Test Conditions Review. Since the data are to be plotted the next dialog is a plot configuration dialog. It is primarily used to configure the plot titles. Make any changes and click OK. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 17

Figure 20 Plot Configuration Dialog. The Data Presentation dialog appears showing the measured data. Here the data are presented as Polarization (µc/cm 2 ) Vs Voltage. At ±800.0 Volts the measurement is not saturated. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 18

Figure 21 800.0-Volt/1000.0 ms Data on the Piezoelectric Disk. Close the dialog to return to the program idle state. Repeat the measurement as desired. Review the data as desired. In the next few steps I am going to adjust the measurement to ±1000.0 Volts at 2000.0 ms. I am also going to add a Filter Task that allow the data to be presented on execution. In the Editor, double-click the Hysteresis Task to reopen the dialog. Adjust the Hysteresis Task Name, Max. Voltage, Hysteresis Period (ms) and Comments. Click OK to close the Task and update it in the Editor Test Definition. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 19

Double-Click Figure 22 Update the Hysteresis Task. In the TASK LIBRARY, open Filters->Task Specific and right-click the Hysteresis Filter Task. Select To Editor. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 20

Figure 23 Initiate the Hysteresis Filter Task. In the Task configuration dialog: Set a unique and meaningful Hysteresis Filter Task Name. Select the Hysteresis Task in Task Selector. Click Add Task to register the Task selection. The Task name in Task Selector will have (X) appended to it. Edit any Comments. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 21

Figure 24 Configure the Hysteresis Filter Task. The Filter Task will plot data on execution. Click the Plot Setup tab and configure plots labels appropriately. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 22

Click Plot Setup Configure Figure 25 Configure the Hysteresis Filter Task Plot. Click OK to add the Task to the Editor Test Definition. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 23

Figure 26 The Hysteresis Filter Task In the Editor Test Definition. Move the Editor Test Definition into the DataSet and rename the CTD as in Figure 15, above. Figure 27 Updated CTD. Press <F1> to make the measurement. When the measurement finishes the Filter Task shows the data. Figure 28 1000.0-Volt/2000.0 ms Hysteresis Filter Data Presentation. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 24

A new ETD is written to the DataSet Archive. It contains both the Hysteresis and Filter Task. Either may be recalled to review the configuration and data. Figure 29 1000.0-Volt/2000.0 ms Hysteresis Task Data Recalled from the DataSet Archive. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 25

III - Using the Attached DataSet File The DataSet and data presented above are in the attached DataSet (*.dst) file. To use the file it must be registered into Vision. Copy the file anywhere into your Vision host file structure. By default the program will look in C:\DataSets. In Vision click the Register DataSet [Reg DS] toolbar button. A dialog will open. Navigate to the DataSet file (*.dst) and click Open. Figure 30 Register the DataSet. The DataSet will be added to the tree of DataSet files in the DataSet Explorer. Double-Click the entry to open the DataSet. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 26

Double-Click to Open Figure 31 Newly-Registered DataSet. The DataSet opens in its own tab. You can make the configured measurement and review any data in the DataSet Archive as presented in the discussion in Section II. Note that there are two more ETDs. In both of these I tried to make an 1100.0-Volt/10000.0 ms measurement. The first measurement cracked the sample, destroying it. The second measurement shorted through the sample, though it did not permanently harm it. You can review the data, but they have no meaning. You should not try to measure your sample above 1000.0 Volts, even with a slow measurement. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 27

Failed 1100.0-Volt Measurements Figure 32 Attached DataSet is Opened for Review and Measurement. I hope that this discussion is helpful to you and provide the material that you need. Please let me know if you have any additional questions. Sincerely, Scott P. Chapman Digital Engineer Radiant Technologies, Inc. Precision Tester and Vision Program Piezo Sample Disk Measurement Guide 28