Index. B pictures, 69 Backing off, 220 Backward-predicted vectors, 71 Baird-Atomics, 17 Balthazard, 12 Behavioral biometric, 80 component, 83

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1 Index Accuracy, 21 in manual systems, 20 Affine motion, 75 parameters, 77 AFIS, 18, 19, 21 Ambiguities, 88 in LRO, 106 when processing orientations, 106 AM-FM model for fingerprint, 317, 319 Amputated finger statistics, 307 Angular bandwidth of the filter, 92 Anisotropic filtering, 87 ANSI standard, 437 Anthropometric identification, 14 Anthropometry, 14 Arch, 4, 5, 9, 10, 16, 363 Ashbaugh, 20 Authentication, 229 Autocorrelation, 240 Automated Fingerprint Identification System, 18 Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), 87, 207, 305, 353, 354, 357, 433 B pictures, 69 Backing off, 220 Backward-predicted vectors, 71 Baird-Atomics, 17 Balthazard, 12 Behavioral biometric, 80 component, 83 Bertillon, 2, 5, 12 Bifurcation, 435 Billings, 11 Bin error rate, 308 Binary image, 97 Binning, 305 error, 309 Blind testing, 349, 350 Blocking artifacts, 386 Bose, 5 Butterworth filter, 92 Canonical, 61 Capacitive pixel, 31 sensors, 33 Certification, 339, 343, 352, 353, 433 Challenging, 236 Champod, 12 Class priors, 218 Classification errors, 308 Classifier combination, 218, 222, 225 efficiency, 219 Coding, 390 Collaborative Testing Services (CTS), 346 Collins, 13 Combined approaches, 191, 218 Communicating bins, 306 Communication bandwidth, 385 Compression, 385 Confidence, 199 value, 196 Confusion matrix, 197, 198

2 454 Index Connected component analysis, 59 Consensus fingerprint comparisons, 339, 344 Contact, 56 inconsistent, 56, 57 irreproducible, 56 nonuniform, 56, 57 Continuous classification, 192 Core, 5, 16, 101, 105, 186, 208, 363 Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, 18 Correlation fingerprint matchers, 249 Correlation-based matching, 238 Crosstalk between adjacent sensors, 43 Curl, 76 Darwin, 3 Decision fusion, 206 tree classifiers, 207, 214, 219 Delta, 5, 6, 16, 101, 105, 186, 208 Density map, 364 Direction, 102, 103 field, 88, 102, 103, 105 and orientation, 102 of ridge flow, 101 Directional bandpass filters, 92 components, 92 filter, 87 filtering, 96 Fourier filtering, 89 image, 101, 186, 364 map, 364 Directionality, 57 Dirt, 57 Discrete-cosine-transform, 386 Discretization of the filter, 92 Distortion, 67 Distortion removal, 68 Distortion-invariant filter, 252 Distortion-tolerant, 251 average, 251 minimum average noise and correlation plane energy (MINACE), 251 synthetic discriminate function (SDF), 251 Dominant component analysis, 321 direction, 59 Double blind, 349, 350 Dryness, 60, 63 Dynamic behaviors, 67 time-warping algorithm, 242 Eber, 10 Edit distance, 241 Electric field, 38 structures, 42 Enhanced fingerprint, 97 image, 87 Enhancement algorithm, 89 of fingerprint images, 87 of inked fingerprints, 98 Entropy coding, 394 Erroneous identifications, 346, 347, 355, 357 Error rate, 339 Estimating the LRO, 94 Euclidean distance-based matching, 241 Evaluation of results, 97 Fake fingerprints, 383 False minutiae, 98 rejection rate, 231 False acceptance rate, 231 Faulds, 2, 3, 11 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 18, 19, 62, 433 data, 307 performance target, 223, 353 proficiency test, 352 requirement, 202 Feature extraction, 211, 214 Features, 186 Feedback, 56, 57 Fiducial lines, 211 Field pictures, 69 Filinear transform, 92 Filter, 387 Filtering algorithm, 96 Finger drive ring, 40 FingerCode, 188, 235, 241 Fingerprint classes, 184, 208, 363, 364 classification, 183, 207 correlation matching, 250

3 Index 455 enhancement algorithm, 89, 90 enhancement by directional filtering, 95 representation, 232 ridge orientation, 103 verification system, 230 Fitzmaurice, 17 Five-class problem, 198, 201 Flow, 69 estimation, 71 fields, 71 vectors, 71 Flow-line traces, 188 Force, 70 Forensic science of fingerprint comparison, 340, 341 Forgeot, 12 Four-class problem, 198, 201 Fourier domain filtering, 88 of fingerprint images, 91 Fourier transform, 387 Frame pictures, 69 Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) devices, 29 FVC-2000, 62, 64 Gabor filter, 188, 321, 371 Galton, 3 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 19, 183 General Electric, 18 Generation of synthetic fingerprint impressions, 374 distortion, 375 noising, rendering, and global translation/rotation, 378 variation of the ridge thickness, 374 Goats, 313 Haque, 5 Hard false minutiae, 98 Heat flux, 30 Henry, 183, 207 Henry system, 5 7, 9, 10, 14, 15 Henry-type classification, Herschel, 2, 11 Hidden Markov model, 191, 207, 212 High-pass filter, 388 Holography, 18 Home Office algorithm, 98 Hough transform, 240, 241 Huffman coding, 387 Human error, 342 Humidity, 57 Hypothesis testing, 231 I pictures, 69 IBM, 17, 18 IBM-99, 62, 64, 65 Identification, 258 Image enhancement algorithm, 88 Image-based representation, 232 Implementation of the filter, 92 Impostor distribution, 306, 313 Inconsistent contact, 56, 57 India, 2 Individuate, 341 Inexact graph matching, 189 Integral curve, 103 International Association for Identification (IAI), 343 INTERPOL, 446 Interpolation algorithm, 110 of orientations, 89, 109 Interpreting fingperint patterns, 87 Irreproducible contact, 56 Jørgensen, 16 JPEG, 386 Kendall s Tau test, 312 KL transform, 191 KMS Technology Center, 18 Lambs, Landmark-based representation, 233 Large-scale identification systems, 305 Latent print, 340 Learning stage, 383 Live-scan, 18, 440 Local average thresholding, 87, 96 Local ridge parameters, 91 spacing, 91 Local ridge orientation, 87, 88, 91, 101 function, 105 Locard, 13 Loop, 4, 5, 7 9, 16, 363 Low-pass filter, 388 Macroblocks, 69

4 456 Index Macrosingularities, 363 core, 363 delta, 363 Maloy, 2, 10 Master-fingerprint generation, 366 and density map generation, 370 and directional map generation, 368 and generation of the fingerprint shape, 367 and ridge pattern generation, 371 Mathematical model of the fingerprint local ridge orientation, 87 of fingerprint ridge topology, 89 Mayer, 11 McDonnell Douglas, 18 McKie case, 352 Measure correlations, 305 MEMS technologies, 29 Minutiae, 12, 14, 18, 233, 365, 435 bifurcation, 365 detection, 98, 336 missed, 99 reduction, 99 ridge ending, 365 spurious, 57 Mitchell case, 349, 355 MKL-based fingerprint classifier, 192 Model of fingerprint ridge orientation, 88 of fingerprint ridge topology, 101 of LRO, 105 of ridge orientation topology, 102 Modeling of fingerprint ridge structure, 87 Moore, 17 Morpho Systems, 18 Morpholocial operators, 374 Multimodal identification systems, 246 Multivalued nature of orientation, 106 National Crime Information Center (NCIC), 62 NEC, 18 Neural network, 191, 219 NIST, 434 NIST Special Database 4, 197, 208 NIST Special Database 9, 62, 210 NIST Special Database 14, 197 NIST Special Database 24, 78, 253 Nonlinear distortions, 375 Nonuniform contact, 56, 57 North American Aviation, 18 Olsen, 19 Optical matching, 232 Orientability, 104 Orientable, 103 Orientation, 92, 102, 103 unwrapping, 89, 107 Overview of the enhancement algorithm, 90 P pictures, 69 Partial fingerprint, 61, 63 PCASYS, 192, 208 Penetration rate, 305, 307, 310 Penetration-rate benefits, 308 Performance evaluation, 242, 361 Phase unwrapping, 108 Picture coding, 71 structures, 70 Plastic distortions, 68 Plaza case, 348, 352, 353 Poincaré index, 187 of a singular point, 104 Point counting, 19 standards, 20 Point-based matching, 240 Pores, 383 Prefiltered images, 91, 93, 96 Printrak, 18 Proficiency test, 339, 343, 352 Projection, 94 Projective n-space, 103 Pseudoridges, 188, 208 Purkynĕ, 4, 11 Quantization, 385 Questioning human fingerprint pattern recognition skill, 19 Rashid-eddin, 11 Ratification, 349 RCMP, 434 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC), 232, 258 Regions of high ridge curvature, 93 Rejection, 196, 199

5 Index 457 Relationship to the LRO of real fingerprints, 106 Residues, 57, 58 Resolving ambiguities due to the periodic nature of orientation, 87 Resultant biometrics, 67, 68, 80 physical, 68 physiological, 68 temporal, 68 Resultant fingerprint, 80 RF array sensors, 37 excitation frequency, 39 imaging, 35 Ridge bifurcations, 233 characteristics, 12, 215 counting, 5, 7, 9 curvature, 102 endings, 233, 435 extraction, 210 flow, 19 orientation, 89 orientation field, 87 tracing, 5, 6 Ridgeline flow, 187 shape, 191 Ridgelines, 363 ROC, 310, 311, 315 curve, 243, 305, 312 Roll, 70 Rotation, 237 Run-length encoding, 387 Saliency, 232 Scotland Yard, 434 Sensitivity, 99 SFINGE, 362 Shear transformation, 238 Sheep, 313, 314 Similarity transformation, 238 Single-Print Classification, 16 Single-print system, 16 Singular points, 87, 101, 103, 105, 186 Singularities, 186, 189 of LRO, point standard, 354 Skin deformations, 375 disease, 57 plasticity, 375 Smudginess, 60, 63 Soft false minutiae, 98 Sparrow, 18 Spatial resolution, 43 scaling, 237 Specificity, 99 Sperry Rand, 18 Spoof, 68 Spurious minutiae, 57 Stigler, 12 Stockis, 16 Stoney, 11, 12 Stratum cornium, 35 Structural methods, 189 Subband, 385 coding, 386 Suitability, 232 Surface layer of the finger skin, 37 Sweat, 57 Syntactic methods, 188 Synthetic fingerprint generation, 362 Taylor, 2, 10 Template-based matching, print, 15 cards, 14 data, 18 files, 17 identification, 10 systems, 16 Texture-based representation, 234 Thornton, 11, 12 Thresholding, 96 Tip sahi, 2 Topological behavior of orientation, 105 of ridge orientation, 102 Topology of fingerprints, 88 Torque, 70 Transform coding, 386 Transformations, 341 Translation, 237 Type I, 231 Type II, 231 Types of directionality, 88

6 458 Index U.S. Federal Bureau of Identification, 15. See also FBI U.S. National Bureau of Standards, 17 Ultrasonic fingerprint sensing, 29 Unimodal systems, 246 Uniqueness assumption, 341, 342 Unwrapping algorithm, 109 Use of the LRO model for orientation unwrapping, 108 Vector, 88, 103 fields and direction fields, 103 Verification, 229, 258 Vucetich, 5, 9, 10, 14 system, 10, 15 Vucetich-type classification, 18 Wavelet, 385 Wegstein, 17 Whorl, 4 7, 9, 10, 15, 16, 364 Wolves, 313, 315 Zero effort attack, 313