Nationa' Technical Infernsation Service U S Bepasment of Camrnerce 5285 Part Royal Raaa, Springfield, Virginia 22151

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2 Ntion' Tchnicl Infrnstion Srvic U S Bpsmnt of Cmrnrc 5285 Prt Royl R, Springfild, Virgini Pric Printd Copy $3 00 Microfich $095 This rport ws prprd s n ccount of work sponsord by th Unitd Stts Govrlmnt Nithr th Unitd Stts nor th Unitd Stts Aromic Enrgy Commrssion, nor ny of thir mploys, nor ny of thir contrctors, subcontrctors, or thir mp'ys, mks ny wrrnty xprss or implid or ssums ny lgl Irbdity or rspnsibrlity fr th ccurcy, compltnss OF usfulnss of ny ivforrntmn, pprtus product OF procss disclosd, or rprsnts tht its us would nt infring privtly ownd rights

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4 UC-80 ORNL Rctor Tchnology MOLTEM-SALT REACTOR PROGUN THE DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF MQLTEM-SALT BREEDER REACTORS XiI W Rosnthl, Progrm Dirctor P N Hubnrich, Associt Dirctor R B Briggs, Associt Dirctor August: 1972 OAK RIDGE KATIQNAL LABOMTOKY Ok Ridg, Tnnss oprtd by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for th ES ATOMIC mmy COXMISSION

5 y& i <d LXI ABSTRACT Moltn-slt rctor tchnology, undr dvlopmnt sinc 1947, hs ld to concpt of high-tmprtur, thrml-nutron brdr rctor tht oprts on th tho~ium-~~~u ful cycl A connctd procssing plnt tht continuously rmovs protctinium nd fission products from th ful slt is bsic ftur of th systm Th succss of th Moltn-Slt Rctor Exprimnt tht ws oprtd btwn 1965 nd 1969, th dvlopmnt of nw procssing mthod tht llowd simplifiction of th brdr dsign, nd th potntil brding prformnc, conomfcs, nd sfty of th concpt, r citd i-n this rport s rgumnts for th continud dvlopmnt of MSBR's Th rport rviws th sttus of th tchnology, idntifis furthr dvlopmnt nds for n MSBR, nd givs th progrm stff's ssssmnts of th uncrtintis nd th liklihood of succss Sprt chptrs r dvotd to rctor physics, chmistry, grphit, rctor mtls, rctor omponnts nd systms, clls nd building, control nd instrumnttion, ful procssing, mintnnc, dsign studis, nd nvironmntl ffcts nd sfty Kywords: rviw, moltn slts, rctors, brding, dvlopmnt, dsign, mintnnc, sfty, chmistry, procssing, lloys, grphit

6 CONTENTS, &%* Chptr 1 INTRODUCTION, SWRY, Am CONCLUSIONS * 0 Bckgroun$ 2 Fturs of th Singl-Pluid Brdr Rctor 4 0 D Pg * * h Th Procssing Plnt FOP th Singl-Fluid Brdr 6 Nuclr nd Economic Prformnc of th Brdr 6 Th Sttus of Dvlopmnt, th fijor Uncrtintis, nd th Altrntivs - ~ctor ~hysfcs n F ~ cycls ~ I Ful nd Cooknt Chmistry Grphit - Mtrils for Slt-Contining Vssls nd Piping * * * * 9 Rctor Componnts nd Systms Clls, Buildings, nd Continmnt I 14 Instrumnttion nd Controls I4 Ful Procssing 15 Mintnnc Dsign Studis nd Cpitl Cost Estimts Environmntl Effcts nd Sfty Futur Dvlopmnt Progrm Th Incntivs for MSBR Dvlopmnt Ful Utiliztion PowrCost * n Sfty * 0 * * s m * * 0 * 25 m Likiifoo sf succss 26 Ful Utiliztion 27 Powrrcost * * 0 s 0 0 D 0 0 D * 27 Sfty s 0 s 0 0 * 0 * rn 28 Ovrll Conclusions - 38 Rfrncs for Chptr li 31 2 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPPENT OF NOLTEN-SALT REACTORS 33 Origins - C O s s 0 Rltion tu Othr Fluid-Ful Progrms r * * * * 33 Erly MSBR Concpts 0 * 0 34 ThMSRE * * L O * 3% o * s 35 Purpos * - * Dscription Dvlopmnt nd Construction Oprtion 0 0 m Rsults - Rcnt M~ltn-Slt Rctor Concpts Currnt Progrms - I USAEC PloHtn-Slt Rctor Progrms Industril Studis Forign Progrms s * Rfrncs for Chptr * , * s o o 48 s s * * 41 m * 42 * * * 45 * * D * 45 * * 46 0 * * 0 * 1 46 m * r 48

7 Chptr 3 DESIGK CONCEPT OF THE SINGLE-FLUID MSBR 0 omh, Rfrnc Dsign * * 0 m 0 * 0 Objctivs D I s I 0 * 0 0 Or Csnsrvtisn * * 0 0 PswrCost * D * * Sfty nd Environmntl Considrtions Tchnicl Fsibility * D s s D D Gnrl ~ ~ ~ sf ~ th p singi-nui t wdr Fturs of th Rfrn Dsign I Altrntivs to th Rfrnc Dsign Ebsco Vritions from QRXL Dsign Low-Powr-Dnsity Cor Rfrncs for Chptr 3 s Pg, v-, : 1- vi

8 - Chptr Pg <:;2, ;:::,,,I A*,?! i ~~ A :m,;;>) w 'i >> *d :, :,A+ 2w :<::+, 5 (cont) Fission Product Bhvior 116 Gnrl - s 116 Mjor Groups nd Yilds 117 Stbl Slt-Solubl Pluor~ids SltSmpls - * E22 Dposition I 122 GsSmpls ~ ~ f O 125 ~ ~ NoblMtls = 125 Slt-Born 1125 Niobium * - * * * Gs-Born = 129 Dposition on Grphit nd Hstlloy N * 138 Iodin O O ~ D O O L ~ s 133 EvLrntion I 133 Futurwork 135 Coolnt Slts 135 Bsis for Choic of Composition Prsnt Sttus of FHuorobort Chmistry 137 Phs Bhvior - I = I I 137 Bhvior with Hydroxid Ion 139 Physicl Proprtis 139 Comptibility with Hstlloy N 141 Intrctions with Stm Intrctions with Ful Slt Purifiction of Fluorobort Mixturs 144 Rdition nd Stbility Evlution nd Summry of Ndd Work 145 Anlyticl Chmistry 146 Rquirmnts 146 Exprinc * 147 Smpling * s D * - D * * f s s * 148 Oxid r D P l O r D s 148 Urnium # - - * * * E49 u3-t s s * s 49 Spctrophotomtry of Rdioctiv Smpls 143 GsAnlysis 152 Gm Spctromtry t th MSE!E 152 Bismuth * * * * - - * Currnt Rsrch nd Dvlopmnt E52 Elctrochmicl Rsrch Spctrophotomtric Rsrch 159 Trnspirtion nd Gs Anlysis 161 Pn-Efn Applictions 163 PuturWork 165 Evlution 166 Rfrncs for Chptr 5 s D 0 s s 167,& Vii y&

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10 x,,& % *:s,* > I i _ Chptr 8 (cont) Pump Exprinc Short-Shft Bump Scling up Pump Cpcity, Dsi Fbriction I Potntil Improvmnts Industril Involvmnt I Slt Pump Dvlopmnt Rquirmnts Evlution O O O O O Dscriptisn Sttus sf Flusrobort Coolnt Tchnology Uncrtintis in Us of Fluorobort Furthr Dvlopmnt Work Covr Gs Addition to nd Rmovl from thpumpbowl * Corrosion Product Dposition 0 0 m * 0 0 * * D Mist Control on-lin Anlysis CoolntLh 0 s s D D Evlution Rquirmnts nd Critri for th Brimry Ht Exchngrs nd Stm Gnrtor Currnt Concpts Mtrils Exprinc * Sttus of Ht Exchngr Tchnology 0 Uncrtintis nd Thir Snsitivity to Fdwtr Tmprtur List - Flow Instbilitis in th Stm Gnrtor Configurtion Prssur Fuls from Ruptur of Stm Tub Thrml Trnsints Stm Wstg nd Lk Dtction (St~i~ Gnrtor) Fission Product Dposition Mtrils Comptibility Fbriction Tchniqus Long-Shft Pump Industril Exprinc nd Intrst Sttus of Pump Tchnology = Long-Shft Pump Effcts of Uncrtintis Coolnt Systm Exprinc with Coolnt Slts Ht Exchngrs Ht Trnsfr Exprinc - Nonchivmnt of Objctivs - Tub Sht Protction Corrltions nd Physicl Proprtis ix * * s Pg , Q

11 Chptr 8 (cnt) c

12 Chptr 8 (cont) < ;5s ;< ; :& <<<U MSWGsSystms - DSCriptiOn 0 s 0 6 Anlysis of Nobl Gs Stripping Off-Gs Systm Prformnc * Dvlopmnt Studis Effcts of Unknowns nd Uncrtintis Futur Work * * 0 * * - Ovrll Evlution I Rfrncs for Chptr 8 9 CELLS, BUILDINGS, AF3B CONTAINMENT - Rquirmnts D CriptiQn 6 I Summry ~ O O O O ~ * ~ ~ ~ MSKE s I O * ~ ~ ~ * MSBRBuilding * * * MSBRCPls 0 s 0 * - 0 D D Sttus nd Uncrtintis Evlution * 0 0 * 10 PLANT CONTROL AND ENSTKUMENTATXON Systms for Norml Oprtion Emrgncy Systms - - In trultl@llttiqn Fturs Pculir to XSBR Exprinc with th MSRE: nd Othr Fcilitis * Control Anlyss 0 I * * * 0 D s * * * D Computr Modls 0 0 * I D * Anlysis of Stdy-Stt Conditions Anlysis of Trnsint Bhvior Rctivity Control Instrumnttion t D 0 s High-Tmprtur Flux Snsors * Procss Instrumnttion 0 0 s 6 * * Digitl Computr Appliction for Control nd BtHndling * Chmicl Plnt Instrumnttion nd Control 6 0 * 0 Uncrtintis nd Altrntivs Evlution Rfrncs for Chptr 16 Rquirmnts nd Currnt Concpts 0 * Accidnt Anlyss Rod Drivs * Slt Throttling Vlvs - * * 0 * m * ,,,, + n :& xi

13 Pg rn1ntep;rnce * P 0 concpt s 6 0 Tchnologicl Bckground EISE Prprtions 0 D * 0 0 Extnt of MSW Exprinc ConPusions from Pzs " 0 Rfrnc Dsign MSBR - * 0 Continmnt 0 * * Aftrht 0 0 Grphit Rplcmnt Sttus, = - Furthr Work m 0 D 0 0 Evlution = Rfrncs for Chptr l 35 E r, k,

14 :& x>> AS _,, & x9!::?*$ q*& ;<:A < f Chptr 13 DESIGN STUDIES Ab919 CAPITAL COST ESTIMATES - Introduction Primry Systms Lyout nd Structurl Dsign Bckground nd Sttus Snsitivity to Uncrtintis Futur Work Evlution Dsign Mthods - Cuds nd Stndrds Bckground = Sttus m D 0 r s Snsitivity to Uncrtintis Futurs Work * Evlution + Cpitl Costs Bckground nd Sttus Snsitivity to Uncrtintis Evlutiun = Conclusions - Rfrncs for Chptr ENVIRONPENTAL EFFECTS AND SAFETY Gnrl Considrtions Pg * 379 *, D L D 381 * * * * m 381 * * 0 38% 38% * * * * D O * 383 # 384 * * * * 0 * 385 * o o 386 * 0 0 * * * D O Chrctristics of Rfrnc-Dsign MSBR 390 Environmntl Effcts of Norml Oprtion Nuclr Sfty 391 Rdionuclid Dcy Hting 395 Intrction of Mtrils 399 COrrQSiOn ~ O D O O O ~ ~ Enginrd Sfty Fturs Trnsporttion During Constructi~n 404 Trnsporttion During Oprtion Efflunts * * * 406 Rdionuclid Invntory I 406 Dsign-Bsis Accidnt Exprinc nd Knowldg 408 Continmnt Instrumnttion nd Control 489 Slt Hndling Furthrwork - 4lE Evlution *** * Rfrncs for Chptr 14 Coolnt Slt Hntrctions * Siting Considrtions Dcommissioning Summry - Urnium Bhvior Fission-Product Bhvior Kintic Bhvior 408 * Xiii