100+ Years of Titanic Graphs

Transcription

1 100+ Years of Titanic Graphs Contents Jürgen Symanzik a, Michael Friendly b & Ortac Onder b SCS Seminar, Sep. 21, 2018 Presented at CompStat 2018, Iasi, Romania, Aug. 30, 2018 a Utah State University, Logan UT b York University Timeline of the Titanic Disaster Titanic Data Sets Primary uses of the Titanic Data Survey of Graphical Methods using the Titanic Data Conclusion Timeline of the Titanic Disaster July 1908: Design approved March 1909: Construction began April 10, 1912: Maiden voyage started in Southampton, England April 14, 11:40pm: Iceberg struck Titanic on starboard (right) side April 15, 12:45am: First lifeboat lowered; only 26 of 65 seats filled April 15, 2:05am: Last lifeboat left Titanic with over 1,500 people left on the ship April 15, 2:20am: After breaking apart, last major part (the stern) of Titanic sinks About 1,500 out of about 2,200 passengers and crew died Timeline (aftermath) May 2, 1912: British Board of Trade Formal Investigation Report into Loss of the S.S. `Titanic released (Lord Mersey, chair) May 4, 1912: First Titanic graph by G. Bron published in British newspaper The Sphere May-June: 150 victims buried in Halifax cemeteries (by class!)

2 1912 Graph (G. Bron) Area based display Back-to-back: lived/died Conditional on men/women/ children Conditional on class (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd ) Cumulative (totals) Surprisingly modern appearance What do you see? Why is this remarkable? The Sphere Illustrated weekly newspaper Publisher: Illustrated London News Group, London, England First issue: January 27, 1900 Last issue: June 27, 1964 Dedicated to world-wide reporting ?newspapertitle=The%20Sphere Who was G. Bron? 3D diagrams to see the invisible Graphs combined with numbers & pictures Graphic designer for The Sphere & other newspapers Turning a graph into a pictorial story InfoVis pioneer Relatively unknown

3 Explaining the complex story of the loading of lifeboats in pictures & words Titanic Data Sets Data: Primary Sources British Board of Trade Inquiry, July 30, 1912; the Lord Mersey report 36 days of hearings, ~ 100 witnesses, 74 pgs. Extensive tables of passengers & crew, by age, gender, class, survival Details on launching of the lifeboats US Senate Inquiry, April May days of hearings, 82 witnesses, 1000 pgs Lists of names/addresses of most passengers Titanic data sets First appears in Dawson (1995), Journal of Statistics Education, The "Unusual Episode" Data Revisited Classroom exercise: What was this unusual episode? First appears in R, v , Dec. 12, 1999 We have not found an earlier public data set

4 Titanic Data Sets (in R) Titanic Data Sets: baser datasets Titanic Data Sets: cardata Package Titanic Data Sets: vcd Package

5 Titanic Data Sets: titanic Package Titanic Data Sets: titanic Package From the Kaggle competition Split into training sample (2/3) and test sample (1/3) Contains more variables Titanic Data Sets: Encyclopedia Titanica Titanic Data Sets: ICYouSee.org Launched Sept., 1995 Includes photos and bios of many passengers & crew

6 Primary Uses of the Titanic Data Nothing for the next ~70 years (from 1912 to the 1980s)!!! Use by Discipline Statistics: Introduction of new graphical methods and their advantages, using a well-known data set of popular interest Categorical data analysis, loglinear models: a 4-way table Recursive partitioning (classification trees) Survey of Graphical Methods using the Titanic Data Computer Science & Social Sciences: Modeling/ prediction of survival and visualization of results Cross-validation methods Info Vis: Telling the entire story, including some data visualizations

7 Bar Charts Mosaic plots Hofmann, H. (1998) Simpson on Board the Titanic? Interactive Methods for Dealing with Multivariate Categorical Data, Statistical Computing & Graphics Newsletter 9(2): Theus, M., Urbanek, S. (2009) Interactive Graphics for Data Analysis Principles and Examples, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL. Gärtner, J. (2017) Programming and Evaluation of Shiny Applications for Lectures, MS Thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany. Double-Decker Plots Meyer, D. Zeileis, A., Hornik, K. (2006) The Strucplot Framework: Visualizing Multi-way Contingency Tables with vcd, Journal of Statistical Software 17(3). Mosaic plots & loglinear models Friendly (1999) developed the use of mosaic plots for visualizing loglinear models Tiles are shaded according to the magnitude of residuals

8 Mosaic plots & loglinear models A better model has a lower badness of fit, G 2 A better model shows less shading: Visual fitting Hammock, Parallel Sets & Common Angle Plots Hofmann, H., Vendettuoli, M. (2013) Common Angle Plots as Perception-True Visualizations of Categorical Associations, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 19(2): Venn Diagrams Ballon Plots Jain, N., Warnes, G.R. (2006) Balloon Plot -- Graphical Tool for Displaying Tabular Data, R News 6(2): Brath, R. (2014) The Multiple Visual Attributes of Shape, In: Banissi, E., Marchese, F.T., Forsell, C. (Eds.) Information Visualization: Techniques, Usability and Evaluation, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp A simple example of trying to make tables easier to understand

9 Nomograms Tree Diagrams Mozina, M., Demsar, J., Kattan, M., Zupan, B. (2004) Nomograms for Visualization of Naive Bayesian Classifier, In: Boulicaut, J.-F. et al. (Eds.) Knowledge Discovery in Databases: PKDD 2004, Springer, Berlin, pp Varian, H.R. (2014) Big Data: New Tricks for Econometrics, Journal of Economic Perspectives 28(2): Predictions from a classification model can be visualized with a nomogram Stem-and-Leaf Plots Info Vis How to tell the complex story of the Titanic disaster on a single page? What aspects to focus on? How to provide a visual overview? What details should be shown in separate graphs? How to integrate text, numbers, tables, pictures Brath, R., Banissi, E. (2017) Stem & Leaf Plots Extended for Text Visualizations, 14 th International Conference on Computer Graphics, IEEE.

10 Info Vis (1) Info Vis (2) Titanic em detalhes - Monet - Maná e.d.i. - Infografia, 3D e Design Barr, A., Johnson, R. (2012) TITANIC, Info Vis (3) kaggle Competition Arranz, A. (2012) Sinking the Unsinkable, nic

11 Business Intelligence Olympiad Conclusion Questions??? 40+ articles & books that contain graphs based on the Titanic data Popular topic because it relates to real life stories, books, movies Numerous competitions, infographics, and web pages still make use of the Titanic data Extremely popular data set that likely will see continued use in the future