Chapter 2. Introduction to C language. Together Towards A Green Environment
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1 Chapter 2 Introduction to C language
2 Aim Aim of this chapter is to provide the fundamentals for basic program construction using C.
3 Objectives To understand the basic information such as keywords, character sets, constants and variables. To familiarize the built in data types provided. To familiarize the arithmetic operators, logical operators and comparison operators supported by C. To familiarize with the control statements. To familiarize how to start with the small programs. To understand the ways in which data input/output can be done in C.
4 History of C program C is a programming language which born at AT & T s Bell Laboratory of USA in Written by Dennis Ritchie. [father of C programming language.] C language was created for a specific purpose i.e. designing the UNIX operating system
5 C program structure The Function Header Void main() The opening Brace The body The closing brace
6 C Programming Introduction : Tips Include header files based on requirements Every C Program Should have exactly one main function C Program Execution Always Starts from main. Execution of C Program begins at Opening brace of function and ends at closing brace of the function Generally all statements in C are written in Lowercase Letters. Uppercase Letters are used for Symbolic names, output strings and messages Every C statement must ends with semicolon All variables must be declared with respective data types before using.
7 Keywords Keywords are those words whose meaning is already defined by Compiler Cannot be used as Variable Name There are 32 Keywords in C Keywords are also called as Reserved words
8 Keywords
9 printf printf() function is inbuilt library function in C We have to include stdio.h file as shown in below C program to make use of printf() library functions. printf() function is used to print the character, string, float, double and integer onto the output screen.
10 Welcome to EC (printf example) //Example 1 #include<stdio.h> void main() printf("welcome to Engineering Computing!"); return 0;
11 Program explanation Line.no Command Explanation 1 #include <stdio.h> 2 int main() This is a preprocessor command that includes standard input output header file(stdio.h) from the C library before compiling a C program This is the main function from where execution of any C program begins. 3 This indicates the beginning of the main function. 4 /*Demo program*/ whatever is given inside the command /* */ in any C program, won t be considered for compilation and execution. 5 printf( Welcome to! ); printf command prints the output onto the screen. 6 return 0; This command terminates C program (main function) 7 This indicates the end of the main function.
12 Data Types Primitive data types char, int, float, double Aggregate data types Arrays come under this category Arrays can contain collection of int, float, char or double data
13 Constant Constants and Variables Constants are the terms that can't be changed during the execution of a program. For example: 1, 2.5, "Programming is easy." etc. In C, constants can be classified as: Integer constants Floating-point constants Character constants
14 Variable Constants and Variables A variable is a named memory location in which data of certain type can be stored. The contents of variable can be changed, thus the name. User-defined variables must be declared before they can be used in the program. It is during the declaration phase that the actual memory for the variable is reserved. All the variables in C must be declared before use.
15 Constant/variable naming rules Characters Allowed : Underscore(_) Capital Letters ( A Z ) Small Letters ( a z ) Digits ( 0 9 ) Blanks & Commas are not allowed No Special Symbols other than underscore(_) are allowed First Character should be alphabet or Underscore Variable name Should not be Reserved Word
16 Task: Identify valid/invalid variable names num number 1 Num num 1 1num Num1 _NUM continue NUM_temp2 addition of program int char NAME SUM 1_num 365_days
17 Integer variable Integer variables are used to store whole numbers. Keyword to declare integer variable - int int (2 bytes) can store values from -32,768 to +32,767 We use printf() function with %d format specifier to display the value of an integer variable. If you want to use the integer value that crosses the above limit, you can use modifiers to increase the limit. For example(syntax: datatype variablename;) int count; short no_of_students=30;
18 Float variables Floating variables are used to store floating point numbers. Floating point numbers may contain both a whole number and fractional part. Keyword used to declare a floating number is float. We use printf() function with %f format specifier to display the value of a float variable. For example(syntax: datatype variablename;) float Max_Temp; float Avg = 9.33;
19 Character variables Character variables are used to declare a character with keyword char. Character data type allows a variable to store only one character. We use printf() function with %c format specifier to display the value of a character variable. For example: char status = g ; char feedback = T ; Strings are nothing but array of characters ended with null character ( \0 ). (Will be discussed in another chapter) We use printf() function with %s format specifier to display the value of a string variable. char str[20] = Welcome to C ;
20 Data Types - Example // Example 2-lab2 #include <stdio.h> int main() char ch = 'A'; char str[20] = MUSCAT"; float flt = ; int no = 150; double dbl = ; printf("character is %c \n", ch); printf("string is %s \n", str); printf("float value is %f \n", flt); printf("integer value is %d\n", no); printf("double value is %lf \n", dbl); return 0;
21 Arithmetic Operators
22 Arithmetic operator example :A=20 & B=5 Operator Description Example + Addition of two operands A + B will give 25 - Subtraction of second operand from the first A B will give 15 * Multiply both operands A * B will give 100 / Divide numerator by denominator A / B will give 4 % Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division Increment operator increases integer value by one Decrement operator decreases integer value by one A % B will give 0 A++ will give 21 A-- will give 19
23 scanf scanf() function is inbuilt library functions in C scanf() function is used to read character, string, and numeric data from keyboard
24 scanf - Example //Example 4 #include <stdio.h> int main() char ch; int num; float avg; printf("enter any character \n"); scanf("%c", &ch); printf("entered character is %c \n", ch); printf("enter any integer \n"); scanf("%d", &num); printf("entered integer value is %d \n", num); printf("enter any float value \n"); scanf("%f", &avg); printf("entered float number is %f \n", avg); return 0;
25
26 Assignment operator In C programs, values for the variables are assigned using assignment operators. For example, if the value 10 is to be assigned for the variable count, it can be assigned as count= 10;
27 Assignment operator Operators Example Explanation Simple assignment operator = sum = is assigned to variable sum += sum += 10 This is same as sum = sum + 10 Compound assignment operators -= sum -= 10 This is same as sum = sum 10 *= sum *= 10 This is same as sum = sum * 10 /= sum /= 10 This is same as sum = sum / 10 %= sum %= 10 This is same as sum = sum % 10
28 Relational Operators Operator Syntax == Equal to!= Not equal to < Less than > Greater than <= Less than or equal to >= Greater than or equal to Examples will be discussed in control statements
29 Logical Operators Operator Syntax Not!a Logical AND Logical OR a && b a b
30 Control statements in C
31 C provides two styles of flow control Branching Looping Branching is deciding what actions to take and looping is deciding how many times to take a certain action.
32 Branching Branching is so called because the program chooses to follow one branch or another. The C language programs follows a sequential form of execution of statements. Many times it is required to alter the flow of sequence of instructions. C language provides statements that can alter the flow of a sequence of instructions. These statements are called as Control Statements.
33 To jump from one part of the program to another, these statements help. The control transfer may be unconditional or conditional. Branching Statement are of following categories if if else Nested if else Switch case statements
34 if statement The if... statement is used if the programmer wants to execute codes in statement1 when the test expression is true. Syntax if (test expression) statement1 to be executed if test expression is true;
35 Example Program //Example 5 Write a C program to print the number entered by user only if the number entered is negative. #include <stdio.h> int main() int num; printf("enter a number to check.\n"); scanf("%d",&num); if(num<0) printf("number = %d\n",num); return 0;
36 C Program to check whether the number is even or is divisible by 5 #include<stdio.h> void main() int num; scanf("%d", &num); if((num%2=0) (num%5=0)) printf( Number is even or divisible by %d\n,num);
37 if else statement The if...else statement is used if the programmer wants to execute codes in statement1 when the test expression is true and execute codes in statement2 if the test expression is false. Syntax if (test expression) statement1 to be executed if test expression is true; else statement2 to be executed if test expression is false;
38 //Example Program 6 Program to find the largest of two numbers #include<stdio.h> void main() int num1, num2; scanf("%d%d", &num1,&num2); if(num1>num2) printf("first number is largest %d\n,num1); else printf("second number is largest %d\n,num2);
39 Nested if else The nested if...else statement is used when program requires more than one test expression. If the first test expression is true, it executes the codes in statement1 inside the braces just below it. But if the first test expression is false, it checks the second test expression. If the second test expression is true, it executes the codes in statement2 inside the braces just below it. This process continues. If all the test expression are false, statements inside else is executed and the control of program jumps below the nested if...else.
40 Syntax of nested if else if (test expression1) statement/s 1 to be executed if test expression1 is true; else if (test expression2) statement/s 2 to be executed if test expression1 is false and 2 is true; else if (test expression 3) statement/s 3 to be executed if text expression1 and 2 are false and 3 is true; else statements to be executed if all test expressions are false;
41 General Flowchart of nested if else
42 //Example 7 program #include <stdio.h> void main() int num1, num2; printf("enter two integers to check\n"); scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); if(num1==num2) //checking whether two integers are equal printf( Both the numbers are equal ); else if(num1>num2) //checking whether num1 is greater than num2 printf(" number 1 is greater than number 2 ); else printf("number 2 is greater than number 1 );
43 Assume you are a owner of a hypermarket which has 100 different items. You have decided to give categorise the customers based on the number of items they purchase in your shop. Based on the below given conditions, write 'C' program using nested if else statement. Offer conditions are as follows: Number of items between 5 to 10, customer type= average buyer Number of items between 15 to 20, customer type= good Number of items between 25 to 30, customer type= valuable Number of items between 35 to 40, customer type= potential Number of items between 41 to 50, customer type= premium otherwise customer type= more potential
44 A commercial bank has introduced an incentive policy of giving bonus to all its deposit holders. The policy is as follows: A bonus of 2 percent of the balance held on 31st December is giving to everyone, irrespective of their balance, and 5 percent is given to female account holders if their balance is more than OMR #include<stdio.h> void main() float balance,bonus; char gender; printf("enter the balance and gender\n"); scanf("%f %c",&balance,&gender); if((balance>5000)&&(gender=='f')) bonus=0.05* balance; else bonus=0.02*balance; balance=balance+bonus; printf("the bonus and balance is %f\t%f",bonus,balance);
45 Program to calculate the Net price of each type of item in the given table based on the price values given in it using nested if else. Formula: Net price=[price-(price*discount/100)] Item code Item name Price Discount % Perfume Soap Noodles Eggs
46 Switch case statement The switch-case statement is a multi-way decision making statement. Unlike the multiple decision statement that can be created using if-else, the switch statement evaluates the conditional expression and tests it against the numerous constant values. During execution, the branch corresponding to the value that the expression matches is taken. The value of the expressions in a switch-case statement must have to be an ordinal type i.e. integer, char, short, long, etc.
47 Syntax and flowchart of switch case statement switch(expression) case Choice1: statement1; break; case Choice2: statement2; break; case Choice-n: statement-n; break; default: default block of statement; break;
48 Switch case program //Example 8 Program to choose the module choice #include<stdio.h> void main() int choice; printf("1: English\n"); printf("2: Maths\n"); printf( 3: Computers\n") ; printf( Enter your choice\n") scanf("%d", &choice); switch(choice) case 1: printf( The module English is selected\n"); break ; case 2: printf("the module Maths is selected\n") ; break ; case 3: printf("the module Computers is selected\n") ; break ; default: printf( Invalid module\n ); break;
49 Loops in C Loops are used to repeat a block of code. Using this the program repeatedly execute a block of code In every programming language, there are circumstances where we want to do the same thing many times. For instance if we want to print the same words ten times. We could type ten printf function, but it is easier to use a loop.
50 for loop The initialization step is executed first, and only once. This step allows to declare and initialize any loop control variables. Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is executed. If it is false, the body of the loop does not execute and flow of control jumps to the next statement just after the for loop. After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up to the action-after-each-iteration statement. This statement allows to update any loop control variables. The condition is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and the process repeats itself (body of loop, then action-after-eachiteration step, and then again condition). After the condition becomes false, the for loop terminates.
51 for Loop syntax for(initialization ; condition; action-after-each-iteration) //loop body; Initial-Action Action-After- Each-Iteration Continuation condition? false true Statement(s) (loop-body) Next Statement
52 for loop program //Example 9 Program to find the sum of numbers from 1 to n #include<stdio.h> void main() int i,n,x,sum=0; printf( Enter the value of n\n ); scanf("%d", &n); for(i=1;i<=n;i++) printf( Enter the value\n ); scanf("%d",&x); sum=sum+x; printf( sum is %d\n", sum);
53 while loop To execute this expression, the compiler first examines the Condition. If the Condition is true, then it executes the Statement. After executing the Statement, the Condition is checked again. AS LONG AS the Condition is true, it will keep executing the Statement. When or once the Condition becomes false, it exits the loop.
54 Syntax of while loop while(tested condition is satisfied) body of loop;
55 while loop program //Example 10 Program to find the sum of numbers from 1 to n. #include<stdio.h> void main() int i,n,sum=0; printf( Enter the value of n\n ); scanf("%d", &n); i=1; while(i<=n) sum=sum+i; i++; printf( sum is %d\n", sum);
56 //Example 11 Program to find the sum of first and last digit of a given number #include<stdio.h> int main() int num,firstdigit,lastdigit; printf("enter the number\n"); scanf("%d",&num); lastdigit=num%10; while(num>=1) firstdigit=num; num=num/10; printf("sum of first and last digit of the number: %d",(firstdigit+lastdigit)); return 0;
57 Program to check whether a number is palindrome or not #include<stdio.h> int main() int num,r,rev=0,temp; printf("enter the number\n"); scanf("%d",&num); temp=num; while(num>0) r=num%10; rev=(rev*10)+r; num=num/10; if(temp==rev) printf("palindrome"); else printf("not palindrome"); return 0;
58 break statement Break statement is used to exit a loop at any time. This is very useful to stop running a loop because a condition has been met other than the loop end condition. In the example in the next section, the while loop will run, as long i is smaller than twenty. In the while loop there is an if statement that states that if i equals ten the while loop must stop (break). The result is that only ten Hello will be printed.
59 //Example 12 Using break in while loop #include <stdio.h> int main() int i = 0; while ( i < 20 ) i++; printf("hello\n ); if ( i == 10) break; return 0;
60 continue statement With continue; it is possible to skip the rest of the commands in the current loop and start from the top again. (the loop variable must still be incremented). In the example in the next section, the printf function is never called because of the continue;.
61 using continue in while loop //Example 13 #include <stdio.h> int main() int i; i = 0; while ( i < 20 ) printf( "Hello\n ); i++; continue; if ( i == 10) break; return 0;
62 #include<stdio.h> int main() int j=10,i; for(i=0;i<j;i++) printf( Welcome to CCE ); break; printf( Oman ); return 0; //once
63 #include<stdio.h> int main() int x=5,i; for(i=0;i<=x;i++) printf( Welcome to CCE\n ); continue; printf( Oman ); return 0; //5 times
64 do while loop The do while condition executes a Statement first. After the first execution of the Statement, it examines the condition. If the Condition is true, then it executes the Statement again. It will keep executing the Statement AS LONG AS the Condition is true. Once the Condition becomes false, the looping (the execution of the Statement) would stop. The Condition being parentheses. checked must be included between The whole do while statement must end with a semicolon.
65 Syntax of do while loop do block of code; while(condition is satisfied);
66 do while loop program //Example 14 #include<stdio.h> void main() int i,n,x,sum=0; printf( Enter the value of n\n ); scanf("%d", &n); i=1; do printf( Enter the value\n ); scanf("%d",&x); sum=sum+x; i++; while(i<=n); printf( sum is %d\n", sum);
67 Go to statements A goto statement provides an unconditional jump from the goto to a labeled statement in the same function. Use of goto statement is highly discouraged in any programming language because it makes difficult to trace the control flow of a program, making the program hard to understand and hard to modify.
68 Syntax of go to
69 //Example 15 #include<stdio.h> void main() printf(" goto x; y: printf("expert"); goto z; x: printf("c Programming"); goto y; z: printf(".com\n"); Example Program for goto
70 References & E-Brary R1. Balaguruswamy (2010), Programming in C,6th Edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill. E1. Vine, Michael, A., C Programming for the Absolute Beginner : Course Technology [Online] Available from : lib/ caledonian/reader.action?docid= [Accesssed on 10 th March 2016] E3. Makay, p., Professional Programmers Guide to C. London:CRC Press.ebrary [Online] Available from : caledonian/docdetail.action?docid= [Accessed on 10 th March 2016]
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