Chapter 13. Functions and Parameter Passing (Part 2)
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1 Christian Jacob Chapter 13 Functions and Parameter Passing (Part 2) 13.1 Passing Arguments to Functions Passing Pointers Passing Arrays Passing Strings 13.2 Parameter Passing Mechanisms General Parameter Passing Mechanisms C++ Approaches to Parameter Passing Call-by-Reference Using Pointers Reference Parameters Chapter Overview
2 Christian Jacob Returning References Restrictions When Using References 13.3 Command Line Arguments for main() argc and argv Passing Numeric Command Line Arguments Converting Numeric Strings to Numbers 13.4 References Chapter Overview
3 Page 3 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob 13.1 Passing Arguments to Functions Passing Pointers C++ allows to pass a pointer to a function. Then the parameter has to be declared as a pointer type. void f(int *j) *j = 100; int main() int i; int *p; p = &i; // p now points to i f(p); cout << i; // i is now 100 return 0; First Back TOC Prev Next Last
4 Page 4 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob The pointer variable p is actually not necessary: void f(int *j); int main() int i; f(&i); cout << i; return 0; void f(int *j) *j = 100; First Back TOC Prev Next Last
5 Page 5 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Passing Arrays When an array is an argument to a function, only the address of the first element of the array is passed, not a copy of the entire array. Note: In C++, an array name without any index is a pointer to the first array element. This means that the formal parameter declaration has to be of a compatible type. There are three ways to declare a parameter that is to receive an array pointer: as an array of the same type and size as that used to call the function as an unsized array as a pointer The following three example programs illustrate these three possibilities. First Back TOC Prev Next Last
6 Page 6 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Passing Arrays (1): with size specification void display(int n[10]); int main() int t[10], i; for(i=0; i<10; ++i) t[i] = i; display(t); // pass array t to function return 0; void display(int n[10]) int i; for(i=0; i<10; i++) cout << n[i] << ; First Back TOC Prev Next Last
7 Page 7 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Passing Arrays (2): as an unsized array void display(int n[]); int main() int t[10], i; for(i=0; i<10; ++i) t[i] = i; display(t); // pass array t to function return 0; void display(int n[]) int i; for(i=0; i<10; i++) cout << n[i] << ; First Back TOC Prev Next Last
8 Page 8 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Passing Arrays (3): using a pointer void display(int *n); int main() int t[10], i; for(i=0; i<10; ++i) t[i] = i; display(t); // pass array t to function return 0; void display(int *n) int i; for(i=0; i<10; i++) cout << n[i] << ; First Back TOC Prev Next Last
9 Page 9 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Passing Arrays (4): using a pointer and array size information void display(int *n, int s); int main() int t[10], i; for(i=0; i<10; ++i) t[i] = i; display(t, 10); return 0; void display(int *n, int s) int i; for(i=0; i<s; i++) cout << n[i] << ; First Back TOC Prev Next Last
10 Page 10 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Important to remember: As for arrays, only addresses are passed to a function, the function will potentially alter the contents of the array. void cube(int *n, int num) while(num) *n = *n * *n * *n; num--; n++; void main() int i, nbs[10]; for(i=0;i<10;i++) nbs[i] = i+1; cube(nbs,10); for(i=0;i<10;i++) cout << nbs[i] << ; First Back TOC Prev Next Last
11 Page 11 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Passing Strings Strings are simply character arrays that are null-terminated. When a string is passed to a function, only a pointer to the beginning of the string (of type char *) is actually passed. First Back TOC Prev Next Last
12 Page 12 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob The following code fragment defines a function that converts strings to uppercase: void stringtoupper(char *str); int main() char str[80]; strcpy(str, this is a test ); stringtoupper(str); cout << str; return 0; void stringtoupper(char *str) while(*str) *str = toupper(*str); // one character str++; /* move on to next char */ First Back TOC Prev Next Last
13 Page 13 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob 13.2 Parameter Passing Mechanisms General Parameter Passing Mechanisms Call by Value The value of an argument is copied into the formal parameter of the subroutine. --> Changes made to the parameters of the subroutine will not affect the arguments used to call it. Call by Name The formal parameter is textually replaced by the calling argument. Call by Reference The address of an argument is copied into the parameter. --> Changes made to the parameter will affect the argument used to call the subroutine. First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
14 Page 14 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Example: We use the following pseudo-code for defining a function, two array elements, and a variable: Now consider a call to f( a[i] ): f( p ) = i = 2; a[1] = 12; x = p a[1] = 10; a[2] = 11; i = 1; Call by Value: f( a[1] ) = f( 10 ) = i = 2; a[1] = 12; x = 10 x = 10 Call by Reference: f( &a[1] ) = i = 2; a[1] = 12; x = a[1] x = 12 First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
15 Page 15 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Example (con t): We use the following pseudo-code for defining a function, two array elements, and a variable: f( p ) = i = 2; a[1] = 12; x = p Now consider a call to f( a[i] ): a[1] = 10; a[2] = 11; i = 1; Call by Name: f( a[i] ) = i = 2; a[1] = 12; x = a[i] x = a[2] x = 11 The call-by-name parameter passing is not provided in C++! First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
16 Page 16 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob C++ Approaches to Parameter Passing In general, there are several ways that a computer language can pass an argument to a subroutine. In C++, there are two methods of parameter passing: Call-by-Value The value of an argument is copied into the formal parameter of the subroutine. Changes made to the parameters of the subroutine will not affect the arguments used to call it. Call-by-Reference The address of an argument is copied into the parameter. Changes made to the parameter will affect the argument used to call the subroutine. First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
17 Page 17 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Call-by-Value: int sqr_it(int x); int main() int t = 10; cout << sqr_it(t) << << t; return 0; int sqr_it(int x) x = x * x; return x; First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
18 Page 18 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Call-by-Reference Using Pointers One can manually create a call-by-reference by passing the address of an argument, i.e., a pointer, to a function. The following function, which exchanges the values of two variables, uses explicit pointers in its formal parameters. void swap(int *x, int *y) int temp; temp = *x; // save the value at address x *x = *y; // put y into x *y = temp; // put temp, i.e., x, into y First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
19 Page 19 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Illustration of the swap( ) function Step 0 temp: x: 12 y: 7 First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
20 Page 20 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Illustration of the swap( ) function Step 1 temp: 12 x: 12 y: 7 temp = *x; // save the value at address x *x = *y; // put y into x *y = temp; // put temp into y First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
21 Page 21 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Illustration of the swap( ) function Step 2 temp: 12 x: 7 y: 7 temp = *x; // save the value at address x *x = *y; // put y into x *y = temp; // put temp into y First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
22 Page 22 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Illustration of the swap( ) function Step 3 temp: 12 x: 7 y: 12 temp = *x; // save the value at address x *x = *y; // put y into x *y = temp; // put x into y First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
23 Page 23 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Here is an example code fragment how to use the swap function: int main() int i, j; i = 10; j = 20; cout << initial values of i and j: ; cout << i << << j << \n ; swap(&i, &j); cout << swapped values of i and j: ; cout << i << << j << \n ; return 0; First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
24 Page 24 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Note: A less desireable solution is using swap( ) without any references to variables, because it will work only on global variables, and only on these particular variables: a = 12; b = 7; void swap() int temp; temp = a; b = a; a = temp; First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
25 Page 25 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Reference Parameters Instead of using pointers to manually achieve a call-by-reference, it is possible to tell the C++ compiler to automatically use call-byreference for the formal parameters of a particular function. A reference parameter is declared by preceding the parameter name in the function s declaration with an &. When a reference parameter is created, that parameter automatically refers to the argument used to call the function. The reference parameter implicitly points to the argument. Operations performed on a reference parameter affect the argument used to call the function, not the reference parameter itself. There is no need to apply the & operator to an argument. Inside the function, the reference parameter is used directly; i.e., the * operator is not necessary. In fact, it is not correct to use the * operator for reference parameters. First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
26 Page 26 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Here is a simple example to understand the use of reference parameters: void f(int &i) i = 10; // modifies the calling argument int main() int val = 1; cout << Old val: << val << \n ; f(val); // pass address of val to f() cout << New val: << val << \n ; return 0; First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
27 Page 27 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Here is the version of the swap example, now using reference parameters: void swap (int &x, int &y) int temp; temp = x; // save the value at address x x = y; // put y into x y = temp; // put x into y First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
28 Page 28 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob int main() int i, j; i = 10; j = 20; cout << initial values of i and j: ; cout << i << << j << \n ; swap(i, j); cout << swapped values of i and j: ; cout << i << << j << \n ; return 0; First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
29 Page 29 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Returning References A function can return a reference, which means, it returns an implicit pointer to its return value. The function can be used on the left side of an assignment statement! double val = 100; double &f() return val; // return reference to val First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
30 Page 30 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob double val = 100; double &f() return val; // return reference to val int main() double newval; newval = f(); // assign value of val f() = 99.1; // change val s value // reference to val becomes // target of assignment return 0; First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
31 Page 31 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Here is another example program using a reference return type: double v[] = 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5; double &change_element(int i) return v[i]; // reference to i-th element void main() int i; for(i=0; i<5; i++) cout << v[i] << ; change_element(1) = 523.9; // second element change_element(3) = -98.7; // 4th element for(i=0; i<5; i++) cout v[i] << ; First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
32 Page 32 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Mind the Scope of References! When returning a reference, one has to be careful that the object being referred to does not go out of scope: // Error: cannot return reference to local var int &f() int i = 10; return i; First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
33 Page 33 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Restrictions When Using References There are some restrictions that apply to reference variables: You cannot reference a reference variable. You cannot create arrays of references. You cannot create a pointer to a reference. You cannot apply the & operator to a reference. References are not allowed on bit-fields. First Back TOC Parameter Passing Mechanisms Prev Next Last
34 Page 34 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob 13.3 Command Line Arguments for main() To pass information into a program when you call it, is accomplished by passing command line arguments to the program. A command line argument is the information that follows the program s name on the command line of the operating system. Examples: > ls -a > ls -la > diff file-1 file-2 > CC program-name.cc > CC -out prog-ex-name program-name.cc > add First Back TOC Command Line Arguments for main() Prev Next Last
35 Page 35 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob argc and argv C++ defines two built-in, but optional, parameters to main( ), which receive the command line arguments: argc: an integer The argc parameter is an integer that holds the number of arguments on the command line. It will always be at least 1, because the name of the program also counts. argv: a pointer The argv parameter is a pointer to an array of character pointers. Each pointer in the argv array points to a string containing a command line argument: argv[0]: argv[1]: argv[2]: the program s name the first argument the second argument First Back TOC Command Line Arguments for main() Prev Next Last
36 Page 36 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob The following program demonstrates how to access command line arguments. It prints hello, followed by the string entered as the first command line argument. int main(int argc, char *argv[]) if(argc!= 2) cout << You forgot to type your name.\n ; return 1; cout << Hello << argv[1] << \n ; return 0; First Back TOC Command Line Arguments for main() Prev Next Last
37 Page 37 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Output of this program: >name Jessica Hello Jessica > First Back TOC Command Line Arguments for main() Prev Next Last
38 Page 38 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Command line arguments should be separated by spaces or tabs. The following program prints all command line arguments it is called with, one character at a time. int main(int argc, char *argv[]) int t, i; for(t=0; t < argc; ++t) i = 0; while( argv[t][i] ) cout << argv[t][i]; ++i; cout << ; return 0; First Back TOC Command Line Arguments for main() Prev Next Last
39 Page 39 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Passing Numeric Command Line Arguments All command line arguments are passed to the program as strings. Hence, numeric arguments have to be converted into their proper internal formats. The following program displays the sum of two numeric command line arguments. int main(int argc, char *argv[]) double a, b; if(argc!= 3) cout << Usage: add num num\n ; a = atof(argv[1]); b = atof(argv[2]); cout << a + b; return 0; First Back TOC Command Line Arguments for main() Prev Next Last
40 Page 40 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob Converting Numeric Strings to Numbers The C++ standard library, cstdlib, includes several functions that allow conversions from the string representation of a number into its internal numerical format: atoi( ): atol( ): atof( ): numeric string --> integer numeric string --> long integer numeric string --> double floating-point First Back TOC Command Line Arguments for main() Prev Next Last
41 Page 41 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob int main() int i; long j; double k; i = atoi( 100 ); j = atol( ); k = atof( ); cout << i << << j << << k << \n ; return 0; First Back TOC Command Line Arguments for main() Prev Next Last
42 Page 42 Chapter 13: Functions (Part 2) Christian Jacob 13.4References G. Blank and R. Barnes, The Universal Machine, Boston, MA: WCB/ McGraw-Hill, Chapter 9. H. Schildt, C++ from the Ground Up, McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, CA, Chapter 7. First Back TOC References Prev Next Last
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