Programovanie v jazyku C - modularita
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1 CVIČENIE 11/13 (SW2) Programovanie v jazyku C - modularita About vkladanie suborov, modularne programovanie, prikaz make TODO: SOUBOR X STANDARDNÍ VSTUP-VÝSTUP - typická situace: čteme data a podle kontextu budeme pracovat se souborem nebo se standardním vstupem /výstupem knihovny na to myslely <stdio.h>... definice FILE FILE* stdin; FILE* stdout; tedy standardní vstup a výstup jsou soubory - jsou inicializovány před spuštěním main - kam jsou tyto soubory namířeny, závisí na OS - stdin a stdout se neotvírají explicitně, ale dělají to knihovny getchar... getc(stdin) printf... fprintf(stdout,...) VOLÁNÍ PROGRAMů - historické ale stále se používá zarovnej.exe [-l][-r][-c][-w80][-fi soubor] [-fo soubor] - rozšířená syntaxe -jmeno=hodnota zarovnej.exe --align=right/left --weight=80 --filein=in.txt --fileout=out.txt Priklad: napište program na zarovnávání souboru doprava nebo doleva podle následujících parametrů zarovnej.exe --align=right/left --weight=80 --filein=in.txt --fileout=out.txt Když některý z parametrů není uveden, pak uvažujte následující defaultní hodnoty: weight filein... standardní vstup fileout... standardní výstup align... doleva
2 Basic knowledge prikaz include sa pouziva na vkladanie suborov. takyto vlozeny subor bude vlozeny presne na miesto, kde sa nachadza prikaz include. su mozne dve varianty pouzitia: 1. #include <nazov_suboru> - takyto hlavickovy subor sa hlada v systemovom adresari (hlada medzi standardnymi hlavickovymi subormi) 2. #include "nazov_suboru" - takyto hlavickovy subor sa hlada v aktualnom adresari. jedna sa o nami vytvoreny hlavickovy subor. vkladanie hlavickovych suborov ma za nasledok: rozdelenie programu na mensie casti (celky), ktore spolu logicky suvisia samotny kod bude citatelnejsi a prehladnejsi zmena, ktora sa urobi v jednom hlavickovom subore, ovplyvni vsetky casti programu (vsetky moduly), kde sa tento hlavickovy subor vklada hlavickovy subor obsahuje: definicie konstant, makier a makier preprocesora prototypy funkcii deklaracie/definicie premennych struktury, uzivatelske typy kazdy hlavickovy subor/modul moze byt do celkoveho programu vlozeny len raz! preto treba davat pozor na vnaranie a niekolkonasobnemu nahraniu toho isteho suboru ku kazdemu hlavickovemu suboru (*.h) existuje *.c subor. nazov sa lisi iba priponou. jednoduchy priklad moze vyzerat takto: modul.h void vypis( char *text ); modul.c void vypis( char *text ) printf( "mam vypisat: %s\n", text ); main.c #include <stdio.h>
3 #include "modul.h" int main( void ) vypis( "battlestar galactica" ); getchar(); return( 0 ); vysledny program prelozime nasledovne: $ gcc main.c modul.c v dlhsich programoch sa moze stat, ze vzniknu zavislosti na jednotlivych moduloch. napriklad: majme niekolko.c programov: main.c, modul.c, funkcie.c a modul2.c. main.c vola funkcie vsetkych modulov a moduly su na sebe tiez zavisle. kazdy subor potom moze zacat nasledovnymi riadkami: #include "modul.h" #include "modul2.h" #include "funkcie.h" co ma za nasledok, ze sa to nebude prekladacu pacit. problem sa da vyriesit tak, ze sa dopredu stanovi poradie preberania a vykonavania jednotlivych funkcii v moduloch a poradie ich vkladania. taketo riesenie sak v praxi nejde velmi casto previest. preto sa zabezpecuje, ze sa dany modul vlozi do programu iba raz. #ifndef _FUNKCIE_H #define _FUNKCIE_H void vypis( char *text ); #endif takto sa skutocne v praxi programuje - modul sa vlozi iba vtedy, pokial nie je definovane makro s charakteristickym menom. inak vlozi preprocesor iba niekolko prazdnych riadkov ;) pri modularnom programovani je dolezita otazka zivotnosti a viditelnosti premennych, funkcii,... v ostatnych moduloch, resp. v celom programe. globalne premenne z ineho suboru sa spristupnuju pomocou klucoveho slova extern. pokial v jednom subore definujeme: int pocitadlo; mozeme tuto premennu pouzivat z druheho suboru, pokial v nom deklarujeme: extern int pocitadlo;
4 niekedy je potrebne, aby nejaka premenna sa inicializovala iba raz a vzdy pri volani instancie funkcie, v ktorej bola deklarovana, sa pouzila uz static make v praxi sa modularita programov neriesi sposobom uvedenym vyssie - vsetky.c subory sa prelozia sucasne v ramci vyslednej kompilacie. preklad vacsich programov moze byt velmi casovo narocny. preto sa vyuziva sposob oddelenho a ciastkoveho prekladu, kde mozeme vyuzit medzivysledky minuleho prekladu. $ gcc subor1.c -c $ gcc subor2.c -c $ gcc suborn.c -c $ gcc subor1.o subor2.o subor3.o -o program prvymi prikazmi sa prevedie oddeleny preklad jednotlivych suborov a vytvoria sa objektove subory (*.o). v poslednom kroku objektove subory zlinkujeme do vysledneho suboru. pokial teda pri ladeni dojde k zmene v subore subor1.c, vykoname nasledovne: $ gcc subor1.c -c $ gcc subor1.o subor2.o suborn.o -o program tym doslo k prekompilovaniu iba suboru subor1.c a zvysok bol pouzity z predchadzajucej kompilacie. cely tento proces automatizuje nastroj make. prikaz sleduje zmeny v suboroch a podla konfiguracie suboru Makefile, ktory sa pouziva na riadenie prekladu, vykona potrebne operacie. nemusi vykonavat len akcie pre samotny preklad - moze vykonat lubovolny prikaz operacneho systemu. priklad Makefile-u pre nas predchadzajuci priklad by mohol byt nasledovny: program: subor1.o subor2.o suborn.o gcc subor1.o subor2.o suborn.o -o program subor1.o: subor1.c gcc subor1.c -c subor2.o: subor2.c gcc subor2.c -c suborn.o: suborn.c gcc suborn.c -c clean: rm -rf *.o program sputenie prekladu sa vykonava prikazom:
5 $ make syntax Makefile-u je nasledovna: ciel: zavislost1 zavislost2... [tabulator]akcia pozor na skutocnost, ze kazda akcia zacina tabulatorom! pokial tam nebude, make bude hlasit chybu. pokial je make volany bez argumentov, je prelozeny cely program. je taktiez mozne spustit len niektoru cast prekladu a to zadanim ciela ako argumentu prikazu make, napriklad: $ make clean tym sa vykona len tak cast Makefile-u, ktora je uvedena za castou clean. ako na modularitu v dev-c++ dev-c++ pouziva na modularne programovanie projekty. takze treba vytvorit projekt a vsetky moduly vlozit do neho: 1. subor->novy->projekt vyberieme: console application, a v nastaveniach projektu napiseme jeho nazov a zaskrtneme c projekt a potvrdime ok 3. zvolime miesto, kam sa ma dany projekt ulozit na disku 4. momentalne je vytovoreny subor main.c pomocou ikonky zdrojovy kod (ctrl+n) alebo pomocou menu subor->novy->zdrojovy kod (ctrl+n) je mozne pridavat do projektu dalsie subory 5. vysledok sa preklada podobne ako doteraz - pomocou klavesy f9 (aj spusti) a program si sam vytvara Makefile a robi vsetko ostatne za nas 6. samotny Makefile je potom ulozeny v tom adresari, v ktorom je ulozeny dany projekt a vola sa Makefile.win Examples Ex. 1: napiste program, ktory vypise dany subor na obrazovku. vytvorte dva subory podla nasledovnej predlohy a citanie realizujte pomocou funkcie citaj, ktora zo suboru vrati vzdy iba jeden znak. program prelozte pomocou prikazu gcc. main.c #include <stdio.h> #include "citaj.h" int main( int argc, char* argv[] )
6 FILE *fp; // testneme, ci bol program spravne spusteny if( argc!= 2 ) printf( "syntax: %s nazov_suboru\n", argv[0] ); exit(1); // ak bol zadany aj nazov suboru, tak ho skusime otvorit fp = fopen( argv[1], "r" ); // co ak taky subor nie je? tak skoncime if(!fp ) printf( "subor %s sa nepodarilo otvorit\n", argv[1] ); exit(1); // tu bude nasledovat hlavna cast programu while(!feof(fp) ) // na tomto mieste treba vyuzit funkciu citaj z modulu citaj.h printf( "bye\n" ); getchar(); getchar(); return( 0 ); citaj.h int citaj_znak( FILE *fp ); citaj.c #include <stdio.h> int citaj_znak( FILE *fp ) // implementacia samotnej funkcie na nacitanie znaku zo suboru Ex. 2: ku programu zostavte Makefile na zjednodusenie prekladu. vlozte do neho aj moznost clean na zmazanie object file-ov a moznost all na prelozenie celeho programu. Ex. 3: modifikujte program tak, ze zmenite funkciu citaj na funkciu s nasledovnym prototypom: long citaj( FILE *fp, int *p_c ), kde: funkcia vracia nacitany znak vo svojom druhom argumente navratovu hodnotu funkcie tvori celkovy pocet volani danej funkcie (vyuzitie lokalnej static premennej)
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